kittelmann_1994#
O. Kittelmann and J. Ringling, Opt. Lett. 19, 2053 (1994)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
DOI: 10.1364/ol.19.002053
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: Intensity-dependent energy transmission at 193 nm: linearly polarized 1.5 mJ, 0.8 ps pulses (sech^2, Delta lambda = 0.25 nm FWHM) from an ArF gain module, < 10 % ASE, through a 5 mm aperture and focused by a 60 cm MgF2 lens; the samples are the output windows of an evacuated tube placed behind the focus (to avoid self-focusing damage), and the intensity (1 to 300 GW/cm2) is varied by the tube length. Energies by pyroelectric detectors, normalised by a 10 % reflection from a MgF2 beam splitter; beam radius by knife-edge scans in dry nitrogen. Every point is an average of 20 shots within a +-10 % energy window.
Materials in structured entries: BaF2, CaF2, MgF2, SiO2
Dataset quantities: band_gap, two_photon_absorption_coefficient
Contents: 16 datasets; 0 formulas.
Curation notes#
Table 1 (p. 2) is transcribed in full: probe (sample) thickness, band gap, beta at 193 nm fitted for a flat-topped and for a Gaussian beam profile, and beta at 248 nm ‘taken from Ref. 3’ (taylor_1988), for MgF2, CaF2, BaF2 and fused silica. The table is published with merged header cells (JSON only); checked against the image: all cells agree. Sample thicknesses (cm): MgF2 0.5, CaF2 0.5, BaF2 0.3, fused silica 0.4 (kept in the files’ printed column). Grades, suppliers and crystal orientations are not stated.
Definition of beta (p. 2): dI(z,r,t)/dz = -alpha I - beta I^2, with alpha neglected (‘the linear absorption in this spectral range is very small’, from spectrophotometer measurements). The energy transmission, ‘taking into account reflection losses R at the surface of the sample’, for a Gaussian spatial profile (1/e^2 radius w) and a sech^2 pulse of FWHM tau is Eq. (1): T = (1 - R) pi w^2 / (2 beta L E_in) int dt ln[A sech^2(1.76 t/tau) + 1], A = 1.76 beta L E_in (1 - R)/(pi w^2 tau); so reflection losses are removed. Footnote a: ‘Assuming a sech^2 temporal pulse shape, the data were fitted both for a flat-topped and a Gaussian beam profile.’ The knife-edge scans showed a ‘nearly Gaussian’ radial profile with no noticeable flattening (p. 2), so the Gaussian fit is the paper’s result (primary here) and the flat-topped fit a check (it is the profile Taylor et al. assumed at 248 nm). The B integral was ‘well below 1’ and no spectral broadening was seen.
Uncertainty (p. 3 and footnote b): ‘The absolute uncertainty in beta is approximately 50 %’ (the flattening of the pulse in the input window, ~10 %, which makes the values ‘somewhat too high’; the beam radius, 20 %; the pulse duration, 10 %; the detector calibration, 10 %), ‘whereas the relative uncertainty should be lower than 20 %’. Levels not stated.
The band gaps are not attributed; they equal taylor_1988’s Table 1 values for the same four materials (11.8, 10.0, 9.1, 7.8 eV) and are marked reproduced from it (an inference). The text quotes a band gap of ‘approx 6 eV’ for CdF2 when recalling Liu et al.’s result (p. 3); CdF2 is not registered and nothing is taken for it.
Other statements (p. 3): the fused-silica beta agrees with Mizunami and Takagi’s fibre value at 219 nm (Opt. Lett. 19, 463 (1994); not in the library); the CaF2 beta is about ten times that of Mossavi et al. at 193 nm (Opt. Lett. 18, 435 (1993)); a MgF2 output window showed an optical-density increase of 0.03 at 193 nm after long use (colour centres). Two-photon-excited self-trapped-exciton luminescence of BaF2 (~280 nm) and CaF2 (~310 nm) is quadratic in intensity up to ~10 GW/cm2 (Fig. 3; figure only, not digitised).
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED_WITH_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
kittelmann_1994/band_gap_MgF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor_1988 Table 1 (inferred reproduction).
kittelmann_1994/band_gap_CaF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor_1988 Table 1 (inferred reproduction).
kittelmann_1994/band_gap_BaF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor_1988 Table 1 (inferred reproduction).
kittelmann_1994/band_gap_SiO2#
{
"id": "band_gap_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor_1988 Table 1 (inferred reproduction).
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_gaussian_MgF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_gaussian_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
Eq. (1) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse (the profile measured, p. 2). Relative uncertainty < 20 % (footnote b).
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_gaussian_CaF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_gaussian_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
Eq. (1) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse (the profile measured, p. 2). Relative uncertainty < 20 % (footnote b).
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_gaussian_BaF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_gaussian_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
Eq. (1) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse (the profile measured, p. 2). Relative uncertainty < 20 % (footnote b).
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_gaussian_SiO2#
{
"id": "beta_193_gaussian_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
Eq. (1) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse (the profile measured, p. 2). Relative uncertainty < 20 % (footnote b).
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_flat_top_MgF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_flat_top_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
The same data fitted for a flat-topped beam profile (footnote a), the profile assumed by taylor_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check.
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_flat_top_CaF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_flat_top_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
The same data fitted for a flat-topped beam profile (footnote a), the profile assumed by taylor_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check.
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_flat_top_BaF2#
{
"id": "beta_193_flat_top_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
The same data fitted for a flat-topped beam profile (footnote a), the profile assumed by taylor_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check.
kittelmann_1994/beta_193_flat_top_SiO2#
{
"id": "beta_193_flat_top_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.5,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
"pulse_fs": 800,
"polarization": "linear"
}
}
The same data fitted for a flat-topped beam profile (footnote a), the profile assumed by taylor_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check.
kittelmann_1994/taylor_248_MgF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "excluded",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
Footnote c: ‘Data taken from Ref. 3’ (taylor_1988 Table 1): Taylor’s upper bound (<= 1.3e-12), not a measured beta.
kittelmann_1994/taylor_248_CaF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
Footnote c: ‘Data taken from Ref. 3’ (taylor_1988 Table 1); identical to it.
kittelmann_1994/taylor_248_BaF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
Footnote c: ‘Data taken from Ref. 3’ (taylor_1988 Table 1); identical to it.
kittelmann_1994/taylor_248_SiO2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
Footnote c: ‘Data taken from Ref. 3’ (taylor_1988 Table 1); identical to it.
Formulas#
No formulas are recorded.
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.