kittelmann_1994
===============

O\. Kittelmann and J\. Ringling, Opt\. Lett\. 19, 2053 \(1994\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/kittelmann_1994.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1364/ol\.19\.002053 <https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.19.002053>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Intensity\-dependent energy transmission at 193 nm\: linearly polarized 1\.5 mJ, 0\.8 ps pulses \(sech^2, Delta lambda = 0\.25 nm FWHM\) from an ArF gain module, \< 10 % ASE, through a 5 mm aperture and focused by a 60 cm MgF2 lens; the samples are the output windows of an evacuated tube placed behind the focus \(to avoid self\-focusing damage\), and the intensity \(1 to 300 GW/cm2\) is varied by the tube length\. Energies by pyroelectric detectors, normalised by a 10 % reflection from a MgF2 beam splitter; beam radius by knife\-edge scans in dry nitrogen\. Every point is an average of 20 shots within a \+\-10 % energy window\.

**Materials in structured entries:** BaF2, CaF2, MgF2, SiO2

**Dataset quantities:** band\_gap, two\_photon\_absorption\_coefficient

**Contents:** 16 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Table 1 \(p\. 2\) is transcribed in full\: probe \(sample\) thickness, band gap, beta at 193 nm fitted for a flat\-topped and for a Gaussian beam profile, and beta at 248 nm 'taken from Ref\. 3' \(taylor\_1988\), for MgF2, CaF2, BaF2 and fused silica\. The table is published with merged header cells \(JSON only\); checked against the image\: all cells agree\. Sample thicknesses \(cm\)\: MgF2 0\.5, CaF2 0\.5, BaF2 0\.3, fused silica 0\.4 \(kept in the files' printed column\)\. Grades, suppliers and crystal orientations are not stated\.

Definition of beta \(p\. 2\)\: dI\(z,r,t\)/dz = \-alpha I \- beta I^2, with alpha neglected \('the linear absorption in this spectral range is very small', from spectrophotometer measurements\)\. The energy transmission, 'taking into account reflection losses R at the surface of the sample', for a Gaussian spatial profile \(1/e^2 radius w\) and a sech^2 pulse of FWHM tau is Eq\. \(1\)\: T = \(1 \- R\) pi w^2 / \(2 beta L E\_in\) int dt ln\[A sech^2\(1\.76 t/tau\) \+ 1\], A = 1\.76 beta L E\_in \(1 \- R\)/\(pi w^2 tau\); so reflection losses are removed\. Footnote a\: 'Assuming a sech^2 temporal pulse shape, the data were fitted both for a flat\-topped and a Gaussian beam profile\.' The knife\-edge scans showed a 'nearly Gaussian' radial profile with no noticeable flattening \(p\. 2\), so the Gaussian fit is the paper's result \(primary here\) and the flat\-topped fit a check \(it is the profile Taylor et al\. assumed at 248 nm\)\. The B integral was 'well below 1' and no spectral broadening was seen\.

Uncertainty \(p\. 3 and footnote b\)\: 'The absolute uncertainty in beta is approximately 50 %' \(the flattening of the pulse in the input window, ~10 %, which makes the values 'somewhat too high'; the beam radius, 20 %; the pulse duration, 10 %; the detector calibration, 10 %\), 'whereas the relative uncertainty should be lower than 20 %'\. Levels not stated\.

The band gaps are not attributed; they equal taylor\_1988's Table 1 values for the same four materials \(11\.8, 10\.0, 9\.1, 7\.8 eV\) and are marked reproduced from it \(an inference\)\. The text quotes a band gap of 'approx 6 eV' for CdF2 when recalling Liu et al\.'s result \(p\. 3\); CdF2 is not registered and nothing is taken for it\.

Other statements \(p\. 3\)\: the fused\-silica beta agrees with Mizunami and Takagi's fibre value at 219 nm \(Opt\. Lett\. 19, 463 \(1994\); not in the library\); the CaF2 beta is about ten times that of Mossavi et al\. at 193 nm \(Opt\. Lett\. 18, 435 \(1993\)\); a MgF2 output window showed an optical\-density increase of 0\.03 at 193 nm after long use \(colour centres\)\. Two\-photon\-excited self\-trapped\-exciton luminescence of BaF2 \(~280 nm\) and CaF2 \(~310 nm\) is quadratic in intensity up to ~10 GW/cm2 \(Fig\. 3; figure only, not digitised\)\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

kittelmann\_1994/band\_gap\_MgF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_MgF2",
     "material": "MgF2",
     "file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_MgF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor\_1988 Table 1 \(inferred reproduction\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/band\_gap\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor\_1988 Table 1 \(inferred reproduction\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/band\_gap\_BaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_BaF2",
     "material": "BaF2",
     "file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_BaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor\_1988 Table 1 \(inferred reproduction\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/band\_gap\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__band_gap_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Not attributed in the paper; equal to taylor\_1988 Table 1 \(inferred reproduction\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_gaussian\_MgF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_gaussian_MgF2",
     "material": "MgF2",
     "file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_MgF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

Eq\. \(1\) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse \(the profile measured, p\. 2\)\. Relative uncertainty \< 20 % \(footnote b\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_gaussian\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_gaussian_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

Eq\. \(1\) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse \(the profile measured, p\. 2\)\. Relative uncertainty \< 20 % \(footnote b\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_gaussian\_BaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_gaussian_BaF2",
     "material": "BaF2",
     "file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_BaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

Eq\. \(1\) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse \(the profile measured, p\. 2\)\. Relative uncertainty \< 20 % \(footnote b\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_gaussian\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_gaussian_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_gaussian_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

Eq\. \(1\) fitted for a Gaussian beam profile and sech^2 pulse \(the profile measured, p\. 2\)\. Relative uncertainty \< 20 % \(footnote b\)\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_flat\_top\_MgF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_flat_top_MgF2",
     "material": "MgF2",
     "file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_MgF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

The same data fitted for a flat\-topped beam profile \(footnote a\), the profile assumed by taylor\_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_flat\_top\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_flat_top_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

The same data fitted for a flat\-topped beam profile \(footnote a\), the profile assumed by taylor\_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_flat\_top\_BaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_flat_top_BaF2",
     "material": "BaF2",
     "file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_BaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

The same data fitted for a flat\-topped beam profile \(footnote a\), the profile assumed by taylor\_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check\.

kittelmann\_1994/beta\_193\_flat\_top\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_193_flat_top_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__beta_193_flat_top_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.5,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "form": "bulk",
       "technique": "intensity-dependent transmission",
       "pulse_fs": 800,
       "polarization": "linear"
     }
   }

The same data fitted for a flat\-topped beam profile \(footnote a\), the profile assumed by taylor\_1988; the measured profile was Gaussian, so this is kept as a check\.

kittelmann\_1994/taylor\_248\_MgF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "taylor_248_MgF2",
     "material": "MgF2",
     "file": "MgF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_MgF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "excluded",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "pulse_fs": 700
     }
   }

Footnote c\: 'Data taken from Ref\. 3' \(taylor\_1988 Table 1\)\: Taylor's upper bound \(\<= 1\.3e\-12\), not a measured beta\.

kittelmann\_1994/taylor\_248\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "taylor_248_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "pulse_fs": 700
     }
   }

Footnote c\: 'Data taken from Ref\. 3' \(taylor\_1988 Table 1\); identical to it\.

kittelmann\_1994/taylor\_248\_BaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "taylor_248_BaF2",
     "material": "BaF2",
     "file": "BaF2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_BaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "pulse_fs": 700
     }
   }

Footnote c\: 'Data taken from Ref\. 3' \(taylor\_1988 Table 1\); identical to it\.

kittelmann\_1994/taylor\_248\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "taylor_248_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/kittelmann_1994__taylor_248_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_27e00c033f1a",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/W",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "taylor_1988"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "pulse_fs": 700
     }
   }

Footnote c\: 'Data taken from Ref\. 3' \(taylor\_1988 Table 1\); identical to it\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.