pigeon_2018#
J. J. Pigeon, S. Ya. Tochitsky, E. C. Welch and C. Joshi, Phys. Rev. A 97, 043829 (2018)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
DOI: 10.1103/physreva.97.043829
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: As pigeon_2016: collinear nondegenerate four-wave mixing of 200 ps (FWHM), 200 MW, dual-line (10.59 and 10.27 um) CO2-laser pulses at about 15 GW/cm^2 in a 2 m cell (25 cm interaction length, astigmatic beam integrated from pyroelectric-camera profiles, Fig. 2); Stokes sideband at 10.93 um (anti-Stokes 9.97 um); He background at equal pressure; quantitative data at <= 380 Torr. New here: Kr and Xe.
Materials in structured entries: Ar, Kr, Xe
Dataset quantities: nonlinear_index
Contents: 8 datasets; 0 formulas.
Curation notes#
Defining equation (p. 2-3): Eq. (1) as pigeon_2016, W_10.9 = k_10.9^2 n2,eff^2 W_10.6^2 W_10.3 A_10.9 / (sqrt(3) tau^2) (int_0^L dz/(pi a b)^(3/2))^2, k_10.9 ‘the vacuum wave number of the Stokes sideband’; n2,eff = n2,elec + n2,molecular (p. 4). For the atoms ‘the nonlinear response in this case is purely electronic’ (p. 4): part = electronic. Uncertainty propagated from the pulse duration, the beam integral and the slope fits, the last dominating (p. 3-4); ‘The large experimental uncertainties (10%-30%) reported for this work’ (p. 4); level not stated.
Table I (‘Nonlinear refractive indices for noble gases scaled to 1 atm’; tbl_d5296ec423fe, image checked), n2 in 10^-19 cm^2/W: 0.8 um from ref. 27 (Wahlstrand, Cheng & Milchberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 113904 (2012), record wahlstrand_2012b): Ar 0.97 +- 0.12, Kr 2.2 +- 0.4, Xe 5.8 +- 1.1 (reproduced); 10.6 um ‘calculated using Miller’s formula [7]’ (Owyoung’s thesis): 0.95 +- 0.12, 2.2 +- 0.4, 5.6 +- 1.1 (reproduced: a scaling of the 0.8 um values); 10.6 um measured: Ar ‘<1’ (‘Not measurable in this experiment’; not extracted), Kr 2.9 +- 0.6, Xe 5.0 +- 1.4 (primary). The measured values were taken at 380 Torr (Xe, Fig. 5) and scaled to 1 atm; the temperature is not stated: 101325 Pa and 293.15 K are assumed.
Check of the ‘calculated’ column (2026-09-26): with optmat’s default dispersion the (n^2 - 1) ratio between 10.6 and 0.8 um is 0.99183 (Ar), 0.98917 (Kr), 0.98459 (Xe). Ettoumi’s Eq. (29) (exponent 4 for n2) gives 0.94, 2.11, 5.45, which does not reproduce the printed 0.95, 2.2, 5.6; exponent 2 gives 0.954, 2.15, 5.62, which does (exponent 1: 0.962, 2.18, 5.71). The text says Miller’s rule predicts a ‘1%-2% decrease’ (p. 4). The column therefore used a weaker scaling than the generalized Miller rule for the Kerr index; the source of the difference (formula or dispersion data) is not stated in the paper.
Table II (tbl_2537ec41e92d; N2, O2, air, ‘Effective nonlinear refractive indices ... scaled to 1 atm’) is garbled in the library (rows and digits interleaved in the CSV and JSON). Its image shows exactly pigeon_2016’s Table 1 (0.8 um: N2 3 +- 0.7, O2 8 +- 2.2, air 4 +- 1.1; 2.4 um: N2 3.2 +- 0.5, O2 6.4 +- 0.8; 10.6 um: N2 4.5 +- 0.9, O2 8.4 +- 1.3, air 5.0 +- 0.9): the same measurement, recorded in pigeon_2016 and not extracted again. In this table the footnote marks are swapped against their texts: the 2.4 um values carry ‘a’ (‘Calculated from measurements of N2, O2, and Ar’) and air at 0.8 um carries ‘b’ (‘Calculated from measurements in Zahedpour et al. using n2,eff = n2 + n2,rot’); pigeon_2016 has them the right way round. The text says the 0.8 and 2.4 um values ‘were calculated in the long-pulse limit to make a reasonable comparison’ (p. 4).
Also (p. 5): the nearest rotational Raman lines (N2 J = 4 -> 2 near 840 GHz, O2 J = 6 -> 4 near 950 GHz) are 40-70 GHz from the 882 GHz beat with about 2 GHz widths, so the resonant enhancement is taken as small. The paper does not report the 3 ps electronic/molecular separation it proposes as future work.
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
pigeon_2018/fwm_Kr#
{
"id": "fwm_Kr",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__fwm_Kr.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self",
"pulse_fs": 200000
}
}
Table I, 10.6 um measured: FWM with 200 ps pulses, scaled to 1 atm from <= 380 Torr; 293.15 K assumed.
pigeon_2018/fwm_Xe#
{
"id": "fwm_Xe",
"material": "Xe",
"file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__fwm_Xe.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self",
"pulse_fs": 200000
}
}
Table I, 10.6 um measured: FWM with 200 ps pulses at 380 Torr (Fig. 5), scaled to 1 atm; 293.15 K assumed.
pigeon_2018/wahlstrand_2012b_Ar#
{
"id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Ar",
"material": "Ar",
"file": "Ar/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Ar.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 0.8 um column (ref. 27). Use the wahlstrand_2012b record.
pigeon_2018/wahlstrand_2012b_Kr#
{
"id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Kr",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Kr.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 0.8 um column (ref. 27). Use the wahlstrand_2012b record.
pigeon_2018/wahlstrand_2012b_Xe#
{
"id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Xe",
"material": "Xe",
"file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Xe.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 0.8 um column (ref. 27). Use the wahlstrand_2012b record.
pigeon_2018/miller_Ar#
{
"id": "miller_Ar",
"material": "Ar",
"file": "Ar/pigeon_2018__miller_Ar.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 10.6 um ‘calculated’: the 0.8 um value scaled with ‘Miller’s formula’ (footnote a); not an independent value. Not reproduced by Ettoumi’s exponent-4 rule (see the record’s notes).
pigeon_2018/miller_Kr#
{
"id": "miller_Kr",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__miller_Kr.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 10.6 um ‘calculated’ from the 0.8 um value by Miller’s formula; not an independent value.
pigeon_2018/miller_Xe#
{
"id": "miller_Xe",
"material": "Xe",
"file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__miller_Xe.csv",
"table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "um",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_k": 293.15
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"wahlstrand_2012b"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "electronic",
"coefficient": "self"
}
}
Table I, 10.6 um ‘calculated’ from the 0.8 um value by Miller’s formula; not an independent value.
Formulas#
No formulas are recorded.
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.