pigeon_2018
===========

J\. J\. Pigeon, S\. Ya\. Tochitsky, E\. C\. Welch and C\. Joshi, Phys\. Rev\. A 97, 043829 \(2018\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/pigeon_2018.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1103/physreva\.97\.043829 <https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.97.043829>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** As pigeon\_2016\: collinear nondegenerate four\-wave mixing of 200 ps \(FWHM\), 200 MW, dual\-line \(10\.59 and 10\.27 um\) CO2\-laser pulses at about 15 GW/cm^2 in a 2 m cell \(25 cm interaction length, astigmatic beam integrated from pyroelectric\-camera profiles, Fig\. 2\); Stokes sideband at 10\.93 um \(anti\-Stokes 9\.97 um\); He background at equal pressure; quantitative data at \<= 380 Torr\. New here\: Kr and Xe\.

**Materials in structured entries:** Ar, Kr, Xe

**Dataset quantities:** nonlinear\_index

**Contents:** 8 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Defining equation \(p\. 2\-3\)\: Eq\. \(1\) as pigeon\_2016, W\_10\.9 = k\_10\.9^2 n2,eff^2 W\_10\.6^2 W\_10\.3 A\_10\.9 / \(sqrt\(3\) tau^2\) \(int\_0^L dz/\(pi a b\)^\(3/2\)\)^2, k\_10\.9 'the vacuum wave number of the Stokes sideband'; n2,eff = n2,elec \+ n2,molecular \(p\. 4\)\. For the atoms 'the nonlinear response in this case is purely electronic' \(p\. 4\)\: part = electronic\. Uncertainty propagated from the pulse duration, the beam integral and the slope fits, the last dominating \(p\. 3\-4\); 'The large experimental uncertainties \(10%\-30%\) reported for this work' \(p\. 4\); level not stated\.

Table I \('Nonlinear refractive indices for noble gases scaled to 1 atm'; tbl\_d5296ec423fe, image checked\), n2 in 10^\-19 cm^2/W\: 0\.8 um from ref\. 27 \(Wahlstrand, Cheng & Milchberg, Phys\. Rev\. Lett\. 109, 113904 \(2012\), record wahlstrand\_2012b\)\: Ar 0\.97 \+\- 0\.12, Kr 2\.2 \+\- 0\.4, Xe 5\.8 \+\- 1\.1 \(reproduced\); 10\.6 um 'calculated using Miller's formula \[7\]' \(Owyoung's thesis\)\: 0\.95 \+\- 0\.12, 2\.2 \+\- 0\.4, 5\.6 \+\- 1\.1 \(reproduced\: a scaling of the 0\.8 um values\); 10\.6 um measured\: Ar '\<1' \('Not measurable in this experiment'; not extracted\), Kr 2\.9 \+\- 0\.6, Xe 5\.0 \+\- 1\.4 \(primary\)\. The measured values were taken at 380 Torr \(Xe, Fig\. 5\) and scaled to 1 atm; the temperature is not stated\: 101325 Pa and 293\.15 K are assumed\.

Check of the 'calculated' column \(2026\-09\-26\)\: with optmat's default dispersion the \(n^2 \- 1\) ratio between 10\.6 and 0\.8 um is 0\.99183 \(Ar\), 0\.98917 \(Kr\), 0\.98459 \(Xe\)\. Ettoumi's Eq\. \(29\) \(exponent 4 for n2\) gives 0\.94, 2\.11, 5\.45, which does not reproduce the printed 0\.95, 2\.2, 5\.6; exponent 2 gives 0\.954, 2\.15, 5\.62, which does \(exponent 1\: 0\.962, 2\.18, 5\.71\)\. The text says Miller's rule predicts a '1%\-2% decrease' \(p\. 4\)\. The column therefore used a weaker scaling than the generalized Miller rule for the Kerr index; the source of the difference \(formula or dispersion data\) is not stated in the paper\.

Table II \(tbl\_2537ec41e92d; N2, O2, air, 'Effective nonlinear refractive indices \.\.\. scaled to 1 atm'\) is garbled in the library \(rows and digits interleaved in the CSV and JSON\)\. Its image shows exactly pigeon\_2016's Table 1 \(0\.8 um\: N2 3 \+\- 0\.7, O2 8 \+\- 2\.2, air 4 \+\- 1\.1; 2\.4 um\: N2 3\.2 \+\- 0\.5, O2 6\.4 \+\- 0\.8; 10\.6 um\: N2 4\.5 \+\- 0\.9, O2 8\.4 \+\- 1\.3, air 5\.0 \+\- 0\.9\)\: the same measurement, recorded in pigeon\_2016 and not extracted again\. In this table the footnote marks are swapped against their texts\: the 2\.4 um values carry 'a' \('Calculated from measurements of N2, O2, and Ar'\) and air at 0\.8 um carries 'b' \('Calculated from measurements in Zahedpour et al\. using n2,eff = n2 \+ n2,rot'\); pigeon\_2016 has them the right way round\. The text says the 0\.8 and 2\.4 um values 'were calculated in the long\-pulse limit to make a reasonable comparison' \(p\. 4\)\.

Also \(p\. 5\)\: the nearest rotational Raman lines \(N2 J = 4 \-\> 2 near 840 GHz, O2 J = 6 \-\> 4 near 950 GHz\) are 40\-70 GHz from the 882 GHz beat with about 2 GHz widths, so the resonant enhancement is taken as small\. The paper does not report the 3 ps electronic/molecular separation it proposes as future work\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

pigeon\_2018/fwm\_Kr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fwm_Kr",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__fwm_Kr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200000
     }
   }

Table I, 10\.6 um measured\: FWM with 200 ps pulses, scaled to 1 atm from \<= 380 Torr; 293\.15 K assumed\.

pigeon\_2018/fwm\_Xe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fwm_Xe",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__fwm_Xe.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200000
     }
   }

Table I, 10\.6 um measured\: FWM with 200 ps pulses at 380 Torr \(Fig\. 5\), scaled to 1 atm; 293\.15 K assumed\.

pigeon\_2018/wahlstrand\_2012b\_Ar
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Ar",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Ar.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 0\.8 um column \(ref\. 27\)\. Use the wahlstrand\_2012b record\.

pigeon\_2018/wahlstrand\_2012b\_Kr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Kr",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Kr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 0\.8 um column \(ref\. 27\)\. Use the wahlstrand\_2012b record\.

pigeon\_2018/wahlstrand\_2012b\_Xe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "wahlstrand_2012b_Xe",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__wahlstrand_2012b_Xe.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 0\.8 um column \(ref\. 27\)\. Use the wahlstrand\_2012b record\.

pigeon\_2018/miller\_Ar
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "miller_Ar",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/pigeon_2018__miller_Ar.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 10\.6 um 'calculated'\: the 0\.8 um value scaled with 'Miller's formula' \(footnote a\); not an independent value\. Not reproduced by Ettoumi's exponent\-4 rule \(see the record's notes\)\.

pigeon\_2018/miller\_Kr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "miller_Kr",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/pigeon_2018__miller_Kr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 10\.6 um 'calculated' from the 0\.8 um value by Miller's formula; not an independent value\.

pigeon\_2018/miller\_Xe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "miller_Xe",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/pigeon_2018__miller_Xe.csv",
     "table": "tbl_d5296ec423fe",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "um",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 101325.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.15
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "wahlstrand_2012b"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "electronic",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table I, 10\.6 um 'calculated' from the 0\.8 um value by Miller's formula; not an independent value\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.