pennington_1989#
D. M. Pennington, M. A. Henesian and R. W. Hellwarth, “Nonlinear index of air at 1.053 um”, Phys. Rev. A 39, 3003 (1989)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: Intensity-dependent rotation of the polarization ellipse (ICSP) of a 1-ns, nearly square, 1.053-um Nova beam (unfocused, 1-in. subaperture, 0.5-1.5 GW/cm2) over a 68-m path at 20 +- 1 C: (a) air, (b) air with a 58-m cell (BK-7 windows) filled with air at 1 atm, (c) that cell filled with argon at 1 atm; transmitted fractions through analyzers at 0 and 45 degrees measured with calorimeters versus intensity (pp. 3003-3006).
Materials in structured entries: Ar
Dataset quantities: nonlinear_susceptibility
Contents: 2 datasets; 0 formulas.
Curation notes#
Journal pages 3003-3009 = PDF pages 1-7. Identity checked against the first page. Air (the paper’s subject) is not curated: its values are in these notes only.
DEFINITIONS (Gaussian esu). Maker-Terhune c coefficients c1111 and c1221(-omega, omega, omega, -omega) (p. 3003). Field (Eq. (5), p. 3005): E(z, t) = Re[e(z) E(z, t) exp(-i omega t)], e*.e = 1. Eq. (9): P_i^NL = sum 3 c_ijkl(-omega, omega, omega, -omega) E_j E_k E_l*. Eq. (10): the ellipse rotates by psi = (-6 pi omega c1221 z / n c)(|c+|^2 - |c-|^2) |E|^2; Eqs. (13)-(17) relate the measured slopes f’_gamma to c1221 through H_gamma (2.616 at gamma = 0, 3.348 at 45 degrees, nominal angles). p. 3009: ‘This coefficient [c1111] is often expressed in terms of a nonlinear index n2, in terms of which the self-induced change in refractive index experienced by a linearly polarized beam equals n2 <E^2>. Then n2 equals 12 pi c1111 / n.’
RESULTS. Table II (p. 3007; image checked; tools/extract/pennington_1989.py): c1221 in 1e-19 esu: (a) air 17 +- 4 (gamma = 0), 19 +- 6 (45); (b) air 19 +- 3, 19 +- 9 (BK-7 windows assumed c1221 = 1.8e-15 esu, n = 1.51, L = 3 cm); (c) argon 3 +- 2, 3 +- 6 (windows and 10 m of air assumed, air at Eq. (19)). The errors are the extreme-consistency lines of the fits, ‘with Delta H_gamma = 0’ (no angle errors). Final air value (Eq. (18), p. 3009): c1221 = (20 +- 5) x 10^-19 esu at 1.053 um and 20 C, after the +9.3 % and +6.5 % angle corrections of Table III; calculated (Eq. (19), ‘Ref. 9’ = hellwarth_1990, then unpublished): (23 +- 2) x 10^-19; ‘cw Kerr and harmonic-generation data imply c1111 = (3.0 +- 0.3) x 10^-18 esu for air’ and n2 = (1.1 +- 0.1) x 10^-16 esu (air, 1.053 um, 20 C; abstract: n2 = 1.0e-16 cm3 erg^-1 from the measured c1221). Air’s c1221 is 92 % molecular reorientation and 8 % electronic; 1-ns pulses may see ~5 % less than the steady state (rotational Raman linewidths ~3 GHz) (p. 3009). Vlasov et al.’s 46e-19 esu is about twice this value.
ARGON. ‘The results given in Tables I and II with argon gas in 58 m of the propagation path give a very uncertain estimate for c1221 of argon’ (p. 3009); the calculated value (2.0 +- 0.1) x 10^-19 esu (Eq. (20), from hellwarth_1990) is ‘quite consistent’. c1221 governing ICSP is ~12 times smaller for argon than for air (p. 3004). State: argon ‘at 1 atm’ / ‘at ambient pressure and temperature’, path at 20 +- 1 C.
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED_WITH_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
pennington_1989/c1221_Ar#
{
"id": "c1221_Ar",
"material": "Ar",
"file": "Ar/pennington_1989__c1221_Ar.csv",
"table": "tbl_35e9b208bbb4",
"quantity": "nonlinear_susceptibility",
"unit": "esu",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_c": 20.0
},
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "bound"
},
"parameters": {
"process": "kerr",
"convention": "maker_terhune_c",
"part": "total",
"component": "1221",
"pulse_fs": 1000000
}
}
Table II, configuration (c), argon: c1221(-omega, omega, omega, -omega) at 1053 nm with the analyzer at 0 (row gamma0) and 45 degrees (row gamma45). Depends on the assumed c1221 of the windows and of 10 m of air (23e-19 esu, Eq. (19)). 1-ns pulses. The paper calls it ‘a very uncertain estimate’ (p. 3009): ‘check’, not fitted.
pennington_1989/c1221_calculated_Ar#
{
"id": "c1221_calculated_Ar",
"material": "Ar",
"table": "text",
"quantity": "nonlinear_susceptibility",
"unit": "esu",
"scale": 1e-19,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"state": {
"pressure_pa": 101325.0,
"temperature_c": 20.0
},
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"hellwarth_1990"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"process": "kerr",
"convention": "maker_terhune_c",
"part": "total",
"component": "1221"
}
}
1 inline points in the source record.
Eq. (20), p. 3009: ‘The value for c1221(-omega, omega, omega, -omega) of argon gas at 1.053 um, as calculated from recent Kerr and second-harmonic measurements, is (2.0 +- 0.1) x 10^-19 esu’ (Ref. 9 = hellwarth_1990, then unpublished; there c1221(-w,w,w,-w) = c1122(-w,-w,w,w) = 2.05 (formula B) or 2.02 (A) at 1053 nm).
Formulas#
No formulas are recorded.
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.