pennington_1989 =============== D\. M\. Pennington, M\. A\. Henesian and R\. W\. Hellwarth, "Nonlinear index of air at 1\.053 um", Phys\. Rev\. A 39, 3003 \(1989\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1103/PhysRevA\.39\.3003 `__ **Source kind:** measurement **Recorded technique:** Intensity\-dependent rotation of the polarization ellipse \(ICSP\) of a 1\-ns, nearly square, 1\.053\-um Nova beam \(unfocused, 1\-in\. subaperture, 0\.5\-1\.5 GW/cm2\) over a 68\-m path at 20 \+\- 1 C\: \(a\) air, \(b\) air with a 58\-m cell \(BK\-7 windows\) filled with air at 1 atm, \(c\) that cell filled with argon at 1 atm; transmitted fractions through analyzers at 0 and 45 degrees measured with calorimeters versus intensity \(pp\. 3003\-3006\)\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar **Dataset quantities:** nonlinear\_susceptibility **Contents:** 2 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- Journal pages 3003\-3009 = PDF pages 1\-7\. Identity checked against the first page\. Air \(the paper's subject\) is not curated\: its values are in these notes only\. DEFINITIONS \(Gaussian esu\)\. Maker\-Terhune c coefficients c1111 and c1221\(\-omega, omega, omega, \-omega\) \(p\. 3003\)\. Field \(Eq\. \(5\), p\. 3005\)\: E\(z, t\) = Re\[e\(z\) E\(z, t\) exp\(\-i omega t\)\], e\*\.e = 1\. Eq\. \(9\)\: P\_i^NL = sum 3 c\_ijkl\(\-omega, omega, omega, \-omega\) E\_j E\_k E\_l\*\. Eq\. \(10\)\: the ellipse rotates by psi = \(\-6 pi omega c1221 z / n c\)\(\|c\+\|^2 \- \|c\-\|^2\) \|E\|^2; Eqs\. \(13\)\-\(17\) relate the measured slopes f'\_gamma to c1221 through H\_gamma \(2\.616 at gamma = 0, 3\.348 at 45 degrees, nominal angles\)\. p\. 3009\: 'This coefficient \[c1111\] is often expressed in terms of a nonlinear index n2, in terms of which the self\-induced change in refractive index experienced by a linearly polarized beam equals n2 \\. Then n2 equals 12 pi c1111 / n\.' RESULTS\. Table II \(p\. 3007; image checked; tools/extract/pennington\_1989\.py\)\: c1221 in 1e\-19 esu\: \(a\) air 17 \+\- 4 \(gamma = 0\), 19 \+\- 6 \(45\); \(b\) air 19 \+\- 3, 19 \+\- 9 \(BK\-7 windows assumed c1221 = 1\.8e\-15 esu, n = 1\.51, L = 3 cm\); \(c\) argon 3 \+\- 2, 3 \+\- 6 \(windows and 10 m of air assumed, air at Eq\. \(19\)\)\. The errors are the extreme\-consistency lines of the fits, 'with Delta H\_gamma = 0' \(no angle errors\)\. Final air value \(Eq\. \(18\), p\. 3009\)\: c1221 = \(20 \+\- 5\) x 10^\-19 esu at 1\.053 um and 20 C, after the \+9\.3 % and \+6\.5 % angle corrections of Table III; calculated \(Eq\. \(19\), 'Ref\. 9' = hellwarth\_1990, then unpublished\)\: \(23 \+\- 2\) x 10^\-19; 'cw Kerr and harmonic\-generation data imply c1111 = \(3\.0 \+\- 0\.3\) x 10^\-18 esu for air' and n2 = \(1\.1 \+\- 0\.1\) x 10^\-16 esu \(air, 1\.053 um, 20 C; abstract\: n2 = 1\.0e\-16 cm3 erg^\-1 from the measured c1221\)\. Air's c1221 is 92 % molecular reorientation and 8 % electronic; 1\-ns pulses may see ~5 % less than the steady state \(rotational Raman linewidths ~3 GHz\) \(p\. 3009\)\. Vlasov et al\.'s 46e\-19 esu is about twice this value\. ARGON\. 'The results given in Tables I and II with argon gas in 58 m of the propagation path give a very uncertain estimate for c1221 of argon' \(p\. 3009\); the calculated value \(2\.0 \+\- 0\.1\) x 10^\-19 esu \(Eq\. \(20\), from hellwarth\_1990\) is 'quite consistent'\. c1221 governing ICSP is ~12 times smaller for argon than for air \(p\. 3004\)\. State\: argon 'at 1 atm' / 'at ambient pressure and temperature', path at 20 \+\- 1 C\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- pennington\_1989/c1221\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "c1221_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/pennington_1989__c1221_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_35e9b208bbb4", "quantity": "nonlinear_susceptibility", "unit": "esu", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "nm", "state": { "pressure_pa": 101325.0, "temperature_c": 20.0 }, "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "bound" }, "parameters": { "process": "kerr", "convention": "maker_terhune_c", "part": "total", "component": "1221", "pulse_fs": 1000000 } } Table II, configuration \(c\), argon\: c1221\(\-omega, omega, omega, \-omega\) at 1053 nm with the analyzer at 0 \(row gamma0\) and 45 degrees \(row gamma45\)\. Depends on the assumed c1221 of the windows and of 10 m of air \(23e\-19 esu, Eq\. \(19\)\)\. 1\-ns pulses\. The paper calls it 'a very uncertain estimate' \(p\. 3009\)\: 'check', not fitted\. pennington\_1989/c1221\_calculated\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "c1221_calculated_Ar", "material": "Ar", "table": "text", "quantity": "nonlinear_susceptibility", "unit": "esu", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "nm", "state": { "pressure_pa": 101325.0, "temperature_c": 20.0 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "hellwarth_1990" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "process": "kerr", "convention": "maker_terhune_c", "part": "total", "component": "1221" } } 1 inline points in the source record. Eq\. \(20\), p\. 3009\: 'The value for c1221\(\-omega, omega, omega, \-omega\) of argon gas at 1\.053 um, as calculated from recent Kerr and second\-harmonic measurements, is \(2\.0 \+\- 0\.1\) x 10^\-19 esu' \(Ref\. 9 = hellwarth\_1990, then unpublished; there c1221\(\-w,w,w,\-w\) = c1122\(\-w,\-w,w,w\) = 2\.05 \(formula B\) or 2\.02 \(A\) at 1053 nm\)\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.