flom_2015#
S. R. Flom, G. Beadie, S. S. Bayya, B. Shaw and J. M. Auxier, “Ultrafast Z-scan measurements of nonlinear optical constants of window materials at 772, 1030, and 1550 nm”, Appl. Opt. 54, F123-F128 (2015)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
DOI: 10.1364/AO.54.00F123
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: Femtosecond Z-scan with simultaneous open- and closed-aperture detection, ratioed to a reference photodiode, 100 shots per position (p. F124-F125). Source: Clark CPA 2001 amplifier pumping a Clark NOPA (450-1600 nm); spatially filtered beam (M^2 < 1.1), 150 mm effective focal length lens; spot size by horizontal and vertical razor scans (averaged; ~5.6 % astigmatism at 1550 nm); pulse width by SHG FROG: FWHM 275 +- 20 fs at 772 nm, 140 +- 10 fs at 1030 nm, 97 +- 7 fs at 1550 nm (p. F125). The whole Z-scan is fitted (least squares) with the Gaussian-decomposition expressions of Sheik-Bahae et al. [13] (Eq. (27) for the field, Eqs. (10)-(11) for power and transmission): open aperture first (nonlinear absorption), then closed aperture with it fixed. For all but fused silica and BK7, higher-intensity scans were divided by a low-intensity (linear) scan to remove structural artefacts (p. F126).
Materials in structured entries: AlON, BGG, BK7, MgAl2O4, SiO2, ZnS
Dataset quantities: nonlinear_index, two_photon_absorption_coefficient
Contents: 7 datasets; 0 formulas.
Curation notes#
Journal pages F123-F128 = PDF pages 1-6 (Table 1 on p. F126). Identity checked against the first page.
TRANSCRIBED: Table 1 (tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0, p. F126; JSON only), n2 with its +- at 772, 1030 and 1550 nm for six materials, and the intensity ranges (columns intensity_min, intensity_max in GW/cm2); cells checked against the table image (agree). The header prints the unit as ‘n2 10^-7 cm2/GW’, i.e. 1e-7 cm2/GW = 1e-16 cm2/W: recorded as unit cm2/W with scale 1e-16 (the printed numbers unchanged). Text value (p. F126): one fused-silica Z-scan at 1030 nm and 470 GW/cm2 gives n2 = 2.4e-7 cm2/GW (a single scan inside Table 1’s average; not extracted).
DEFINITION: the paper prints no defining equation; n2 is the coefficient of the Sheik-Bahae et al. Z-scan analysis [12, 13] in cm2/GW, i.e. n = n0 + n2 I (I the peak intensity), linear polarization implied by the setup’s wave-plate-polarizer (p. F123) but not stated. Refractive indices ‘were taken from [3] and [8]’ (Bayya et al. 2006 for BGG; refractiveindex.info). The paper does not discuss the Raman (nuclear) part; with 97-275 fs pulses it contains part of it (the curators’ rule): part = ‘unknown’.
UNCERTAINTY (p. F126): ‘In each case the error cited is the standard deviation of the measurements at multiple intensities. In some cases it was only possible to measure the response at a single relatively low intensity. In these cases no error estimate is cited’ (CLEARTRAN at 772 nm, 10 GW/cm2). Recorded as a sigma column, level ‘1 sigma’ (a scatter, not a calibration uncertainty; no absolute uncertainty is stated). The fused-silica value at 1030 nm ‘agrees to within 18 % of that cited by Milam [14] ... at 1053 nm’ (p. F126).
INTENSITY DEPENDENCE: Table 1 footnotes a, b: BGG at 1030 nm, ‘n2 increases monotonically with I’ (15-144 GW/cm2); at 1550 nm ‘n2 decreases monotonically with I’ (16-228 GW/cm2). Spinel at 772 nm: ‘—’ (no n2), intensity ‘<40’: ‘the Z-scan data was inconsistent with simple two-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction models’ (p. F127); not extracted. CLEARTRAN and BGG show multiphoton absorption above 20-40 GW/cm2; CLEARTRAN n2 ‘approximately 20-25 times that of fused silica’ (p. F127).
NONLINEAR ABSORPTION (text, p. F127): for fused silica, BK7 and AlON ‘the nonlinear absorption coefficients are less than 2 x 10^-4 cm/GW’ (a bound, not extracted); BGG at 1550 nm beta = 1.9 x 10^-3 cm/GW, ‘follows the functional form expected for two-photon absorption’ (extracted: beta_BGG). Band edges: CLEARTRAN about 380 nm, BGG about 290 nm (p. F127; not extracted).
SAMPLES (p. F123-F124): fused silica from Heraeus Quartz America (product not named), 1.76 mm; BK7 from CVI Laser Optics, 2.07 mm (the paper writes ‘BK7’ and does not say whether it is Schott BK7 or N-BK7: recorded as the registered ‘BK7’, to be checked); CLEARTRAN (multispectral ZnS, Rohm and Haas), 2.03 mm (Fig. 6 caption says 2.02 mm); AlON (Raytheon), 2.02 mm; spinel ceramic (MER Corp.), 1.91 mm; BGG glass (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory), 2.02 mm.
REFRACTIVEINDEX.INFO: the n2 pages ‘Flom’ (BK7: 1.47e-20, 2.42e-20, 2.24e-20 m2/W at 0.772, 1.03, 1.55 um; SiO2: 2.07e-20, 2.23e-20, 2.42e-20) agree with Table 1 (1e-7 cm2/GW = 1e-20 m2/W). The pages give the 772-nm pulse as 280 fs; the paper says 275 +- 20 fs. AlON, spinel, BGG and CLEARTRAN have no page.
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED_WITH_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
flom_2015/n2_SiO2#
{
"id": "n2_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/flom_2015__n2_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. Fused silica (Heraeus Quartz America; product not named). pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/n2_BK7#
{
"id": "n2_BK7",
"material": "BK7",
"file": "BK7/flom_2015__n2_BK7.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. BK7 from CVI Laser Optics; Schott BK7 or N-BK7 not stated (recorded as BK7). pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/n2_AlON#
{
"id": "n2_AlON",
"material": "AlON",
"file": "AlON/flom_2015__n2_AlON.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. AlON polycrystalline ceramic (Raytheon). pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/n2_MgAl2O4#
{
"id": "n2_MgAl2O4",
"material": "MgAl2O4",
"file": "MgAl2O4/flom_2015__n2_MgAl2O4.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. Spinel ceramic (MER Corp.); no n2 at 772 nm (see the source notes). pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/n2_BGG#
{
"id": "n2_BGG",
"material": "BGG",
"file": "BGG/flom_2015__n2_BGG.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. Barium gallogermanate glass made at NRL. At 1030 nm n2 increases monotonically with I (15-144 GW/cm2), at 1550 nm it decreases (16-228 GW/cm2) (Table 1 footnotes a, b): the values are averages over those ranges. pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/n2_ZnS#
{
"id": "n2_ZnS",
"material": "ZnS",
"file": "ZnS/flom_2015__n2_ZnS.csv",
"table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
"quantity": "nonlinear_index",
"unit": "cm2/W",
"scale": 1e-16,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"columns": {
"pulse_fs": "fs",
"intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
"intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
},
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "1 sigma"
},
"parameters": {
"part": "unknown",
"coefficient": "self",
"technique": "Z-scan",
"form": "bulk",
"grade": "CLEARTRAN"
}
}
Table 1 (p. F126), printed as n2 in 10^-7 cm2/GW. Multispectral ZnS, CLEARTRAN (Rohm and Haas). At 772 nm only one scan at 10 GW/cm2 could be fitted: no error estimate (p. F126). pulse_fs: the SHG-FROG FWHM at that wavelength (p. F125); intensity_min/max: the range of peak intensities of the Z-scans averaged.
flom_2015/beta_BGG#
{
"id": "beta_BGG",
"material": "BGG",
"table": "text",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/GW",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"parameters": {
"technique": "Z-scan (open aperture)",
"pulse_fs": 97,
"form": "bulk"
}
}
1 inline points in the source record.
Text, p. F127: ‘At 1550 nm, the nonlinear absorption coefficient is measured to be 1.9 x 10^-3 cm/GW and follows the functional form expected for two-photon absorption.’ Open-aperture Z-scan; no uncertainty stated; whether reflection losses were removed is not stated. At 1030 and 772 nm the absorption is not two-photon-like (p. F127).
Formulas#
No formulas are recorded.
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.