flom_2015
=========

S\. R\. Flom, G\. Beadie, S\. S\. Bayya, B\. Shaw and J\. M\. Auxier, "Ultrafast Z\-scan measurements of nonlinear optical constants of window materials at 772, 1030, and 1550 nm", Appl\. Opt\. 54, F123\-F128 \(2015\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/flom_2015.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1364/AO\.54\.00F123 <https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.00F123>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Femtosecond Z\-scan with simultaneous open\- and closed\-aperture detection, ratioed to a reference photodiode, 100 shots per position \(p\. F124\-F125\)\. Source\: Clark CPA 2001 amplifier pumping a Clark NOPA \(450\-1600 nm\); spatially filtered beam \(M^2 \< 1\.1\), 150 mm effective focal length lens; spot size by horizontal and vertical razor scans \(averaged; ~5\.6 % astigmatism at 1550 nm\); pulse width by SHG FROG\: FWHM 275 \+\- 20 fs at 772 nm, 140 \+\- 10 fs at 1030 nm, 97 \+\- 7 fs at 1550 nm \(p\. F125\)\. The whole Z\-scan is fitted \(least squares\) with the Gaussian\-decomposition expressions of Sheik\-Bahae et al\. \[13\] \(Eq\. \(27\) for the field, Eqs\. \(10\)\-\(11\) for power and transmission\)\: open aperture first \(nonlinear absorption\), then closed aperture with it fixed\. For all but fused silica and BK7, higher\-intensity scans were divided by a low\-intensity \(linear\) scan to remove structural artefacts \(p\. F126\)\.

**Materials in structured entries:** AlON, BGG, BK7, MgAl2O4, SiO2, ZnS

**Dataset quantities:** nonlinear\_index, two\_photon\_absorption\_coefficient

**Contents:** 7 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Journal pages F123\-F128 = PDF pages 1\-6 \(Table 1 on p\. F126\)\. Identity checked against the first page\.

TRANSCRIBED\: Table 1 \(tbl\_5dfb2dc9eeb0, p\. F126; JSON only\), n2 with its \+\- at 772, 1030 and 1550 nm for six materials, and the intensity ranges \(columns intensity\_min, intensity\_max in GW/cm2\); cells checked against the table image \(agree\)\. The header prints the unit as 'n2 10^\-7 cm2/GW', i\.e\. 1e\-7 cm2/GW = 1e\-16 cm2/W\: recorded as unit cm2/W with scale 1e\-16 \(the printed numbers unchanged\)\. Text value \(p\. F126\)\: one fused\-silica Z\-scan at 1030 nm and 470 GW/cm2 gives n2 = 2\.4e\-7 cm2/GW \(a single scan inside Table 1's average; not extracted\)\.

DEFINITION\: the paper prints no defining equation; n2 is the coefficient of the Sheik\-Bahae et al\. Z\-scan analysis \[12, 13\] in cm2/GW, i\.e\. n = n0 \+ n2 I \(I the peak intensity\), linear polarization implied by the setup's wave\-plate\-polarizer \(p\. F123\) but not stated\. Refractive indices 'were taken from \[3\] and \[8\]' \(Bayya et al\. 2006 for BGG; refractiveindex\.info\)\. The paper does not discuss the Raman \(nuclear\) part; with 97\-275 fs pulses it contains part of it \(the curators' rule\)\: part = 'unknown'\.

UNCERTAINTY \(p\. F126\)\: 'In each case the error cited is the standard deviation of the measurements at multiple intensities\. In some cases it was only possible to measure the response at a single relatively low intensity\. In these cases no error estimate is cited' \(CLEARTRAN at 772 nm, 10 GW/cm2\)\. Recorded as a sigma column, level '1 sigma' \(a scatter, not a calibration uncertainty; no absolute uncertainty is stated\)\. The fused\-silica value at 1030 nm 'agrees to within 18 % of that cited by Milam \[14\] \.\.\. at 1053 nm' \(p\. F126\)\.

INTENSITY DEPENDENCE\: Table 1 footnotes a, b\: BGG at 1030 nm, 'n2 increases monotonically with I' \(15\-144 GW/cm2\); at 1550 nm 'n2 decreases monotonically with I' \(16\-228 GW/cm2\)\. Spinel at 772 nm\: '—' \(no n2\), intensity '\<40'\: 'the Z\-scan data was inconsistent with simple two\-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction models' \(p\. F127\); not extracted\. CLEARTRAN and BGG show multiphoton absorption above 20\-40 GW/cm2; CLEARTRAN n2 'approximately 20\-25 times that of fused silica' \(p\. F127\)\.

NONLINEAR ABSORPTION \(text, p\. F127\)\: for fused silica, BK7 and AlON 'the nonlinear absorption coefficients are less than 2 x 10^\-4 cm/GW' \(a bound, not extracted\); BGG at 1550 nm beta = 1\.9 x 10^\-3 cm/GW, 'follows the functional form expected for two\-photon absorption' \(extracted\: beta\_BGG\)\. Band edges\: CLEARTRAN about 380 nm, BGG about 290 nm \(p\. F127; not extracted\)\.

SAMPLES \(p\. F123\-F124\)\: fused silica from Heraeus Quartz America \(product not named\), 1\.76 mm; BK7 from CVI Laser Optics, 2\.07 mm \(the paper writes 'BK7' and does not say whether it is Schott BK7 or N\-BK7\: recorded as the registered 'BK7', to be checked\); CLEARTRAN \(multispectral ZnS, Rohm and Haas\), 2\.03 mm \(Fig\. 6 caption says 2\.02 mm\); AlON \(Raytheon\), 2\.02 mm; spinel ceramic \(MER Corp\.\), 1\.91 mm; BGG glass \(U\.S\. Naval Research Laboratory\), 2\.02 mm\.

REFRACTIVEINDEX\.INFO\: the n2 pages 'Flom' \(BK7\: 1\.47e\-20, 2\.42e\-20, 2\.24e\-20 m2/W at 0\.772, 1\.03, 1\.55 um; SiO2\: 2\.07e\-20, 2\.23e\-20, 2\.42e\-20\) agree with Table 1 \(1e\-7 cm2/GW = 1e\-20 m2/W\)\. The pages give the 772\-nm pulse as 280 fs; the paper says 275 \+\- 20 fs\. AlON, spinel, BGG and CLEARTRAN have no page\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

flom\_2015/n2\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/flom_2015__n2_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. Fused silica \(Heraeus Quartz America; product not named\)\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/n2\_BK7
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_BK7",
     "material": "BK7",
     "file": "BK7/flom_2015__n2_BK7.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. BK7 from CVI Laser Optics; Schott BK7 or N\-BK7 not stated \(recorded as BK7\)\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/n2\_AlON
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_AlON",
     "material": "AlON",
     "file": "AlON/flom_2015__n2_AlON.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. AlON polycrystalline ceramic \(Raytheon\)\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/n2\_MgAl2O4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_MgAl2O4",
     "material": "MgAl2O4",
     "file": "MgAl2O4/flom_2015__n2_MgAl2O4.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. Spinel ceramic \(MER Corp\.\); no n2 at 772 nm \(see the source notes\)\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/n2\_BGG
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_BGG",
     "material": "BGG",
     "file": "BGG/flom_2015__n2_BGG.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. Barium gallogermanate glass made at NRL\. At 1030 nm n2 increases monotonically with I \(15\-144 GW/cm2\), at 1550 nm it decreases \(16\-228 GW/cm2\) \(Table 1 footnotes a, b\)\: the values are averages over those ranges\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/n2\_ZnS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_ZnS",
     "material": "ZnS",
     "file": "ZnS/flom_2015__n2_ZnS.csv",
     "table": "tbl_5dfb2dc9eeb0",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-16,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "columns": {
       "pulse_fs": "fs",
       "intensity_min": "GW/cm2",
       "intensity_max": "GW/cm2"
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "technique": "Z-scan",
       "form": "bulk",
       "grade": "CLEARTRAN"
     }
   }

Table 1 \(p\. F126\), printed as n2 in 10^\-7 cm2/GW\. Multispectral ZnS, CLEARTRAN \(Rohm and Haas\)\. At 772 nm only one scan at 10 GW/cm2 could be fitted\: no error estimate \(p\. F126\)\. pulse\_fs\: the SHG\-FROG FWHM at that wavelength \(p\. F125\); intensity\_min/max\: the range of peak intensities of the Z\-scans averaged\.

flom\_2015/beta\_BGG
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_BGG",
     "material": "BGG",
     "table": "text",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/GW",
     "scale": 0.001,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "Z-scan (open aperture)",
       "pulse_fs": 97,
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

1 inline points in the source record.

Text, p\. F127\: 'At 1550 nm, the nonlinear absorption coefficient is measured to be 1\.9 x 10^\-3 cm/GW and follows the functional form expected for two\-photon absorption\.' Open\-aperture Z\-scan; no uncertainty stated; whether reflection losses were removed is not stated\. At 1030 and 772 nm the absorption is not two\-photon\-like \(p\. F127\)\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.