eva_1996#
E. Eva and K. Mann, Appl. Phys. A 62, 143 (1996)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
DOI: 10.1007/bf01575711
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: Laser calorimetry: 25 ns excimer pulses (Lambda Physik EMG202) at 351, 248 or 193 nm, apertured and focused to a point behind the slightly tilted sample; transmitted energy by a pyroelectric detector (Ophir PE50), incident energy computed from the refractive index and the absorbed energy; temperature by two NTC resistors, calibrated electrically with a resistor glued at the laser spot. Irradiation 30 s at 19-150 Hz, energy density H set by a variable attenuator, intensities 2-80 MW/cm2 (1/e^2 maximum 80 MW/cm2). Beam profile a flat Gaussian (intensity at 90 % of the maximum twice that at 1/e^2), at most 6 x 4 mm2 on 25 mm samples.
Materials in structured entries: BaF2, CaF2, LiF, MgF2, SiO2, SiO2_quartz
Dataset quantities: absorption_coefficient, band_gap, two_photon_absorption_coefficient
Contents: 25 datasets; 1 formula.
Curation notes#
Table 1 (p. 4) is transcribed in full. It is a wide table with a label column (‘351 nm:’, ‘248 nm:’, ‘193 nm:’) before each wavelength block; checked against the image row by row (see the extraction script): every value is in its column. Caption (verbatim): ‘Absolute absorption coefficients of commercially available UV-grade substrates at 351, 248 and 193 nm (3.5/5/6.4 eV) (surface absorption not accounted for), absolute uncertainty is +-20 % for alpha and +-40 % for beta; beta_Lit. (measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps) and E_gap from [2] unless stated otherwise’. Ref. [2] is taylor_1988, [19] brimacombe_1989, [20] weinberg_1979. ‘-’ is ‘not measured’.
Definitions (p. 1): dI/dz = -alpha I - beta I^2 (Eq. 1), and the absorptance of a sample of thickness dz is A = dz (alpha + beta H / tau_pulse) (Eq. 2): alpha from the offset and beta from the slope of A against intensity, so alpha is a Napierian (base e) coefficient per length. A is the absorbed over the incident energy (Eq. 3); the incident energy inside the sample is computed with the refractive index, so front- surface reflection is removed, but surface absorption is included in alpha. For a flat-topped profile beta is the slope; for this beam ‘a constant factor of 0.7 applies’ (p. 2, stated for BaF2, from attenuation computed over ten areas of homogeneous intensity); whether it was applied to the other materials is not said.
Samples and grades: fused silica S1 and S2 are Suprasil 1 and Suprasil 2 (Heraeus; p. 2 and p. 5: Suprasil 2 ‘differs from Suprasil 1 only in optical homogeneity’; both high-OH). ‘A CaF2 crystal (Korth Kristalle)’ is named in Sec. 3.1 without saying which CaF2 row it is. The crystalline quartz is z-cut (p. 6): light along the optic axis, so its datasets are given axis ‘o’ (an inference from the cut). No other orientation is stated (MgF2’s is not). Liquids: none.
Thicknesses dz (mm) as printed: S1 1, CaF2 2 and 5 (two rows), LiF 2, MgF2 2, S2 2, quartz 2, BaF2 5, CaF2 5 (the 193 nm row); kept in the files’ printed column.
Text values (not tabulated): BaF2 at 248 nm, maximum absorptivity 2.1 % at 1.1 J/cm2, transmission loss (2 +- 0.8) %; linear fits for two samples consistent to +-6 % relative (p. 2); up to 24 % of the BaF2 slope may be intensity-dependent colour-centre absorption (transient, lifetime tau_life = 50 ms in the model of Eq. 4), ‘then our value for beta must be too large’ (p. 3). Suprasil 1 at 248 nm, 1.4 J/cm2, saturates at alpha = 0.14/cm after 3e5 pulses (induced absorption, not an intrinsic value; p. 4). The fused-silica beta comes from absorptance extrapolated to zero pulses (Figs. 6-7); ‘some of the slope (up to a third) might be due to transient, intensity-dependent color-center formation’ (p. 5). CaF2 at 193 nm: ‘as the sample was damaged at 420 mJ/cm2 already, only approximate coefficients could be derived’ (p. 3); the authors conclude from the absence of two-photon absorption at 248 nm that the CaF2 gap exceeds 2 x 5.0 eV.
Formula: the degradation-rate fit of Suprasil 2 at 248 nm (below). The figures (2-10) are not digitised: absorptance against H or pulse number for CaF2 and MgF2 (Fig. 2), BaF2 (Figs. 3-4), Suprasil 1 and 2 (Figs. 5-9) and quartz (Fig. 10).
Reproductions: the E_gap column and the beta_Lit values come from taylor_1988 (the CaF2 .08 is Taylor’s 8.3e-12 rounded; LiF and MgF2 ‘<= .01’ are Taylor’s <= 1.3e-12 bounds rounded), 2.1 from brimacombe_1989 (its 248 nm fibre value, 2.1e-4 cm/MW = 2.1e-10 cm/W, measured with 9 ns pulses although the caption says 0.7 ps), and the quartz gap from weinberg_1979.
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED_WITH_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
eva_1996/band_gap_SiO2#
{
"id": "band_gap_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__band_gap_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
E_gap from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988), per the caption. Printed on rows 1 and 6.
eva_1996/band_gap_CaF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/eva_1996__band_gap_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
E_gap from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988), per the caption. Printed on rows 2, 3 and 9.
eva_1996/band_gap_LiF#
{
"id": "band_gap_LiF",
"material": "LiF",
"file": "LiF/eva_1996__band_gap_LiF.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
E_gap from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988), per the caption.
eva_1996/band_gap_MgF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/eva_1996__band_gap_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
E_gap from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988), per the caption.
eva_1996/band_gap_BaF2#
{
"id": "band_gap_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/eva_1996__band_gap_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
E_gap from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988), per the caption.
eva_1996/band_gap_SiO2_quartz#
{
"id": "band_gap_SiO2_quartz",
"material": "SiO2_quartz",
"file": "SiO2_quartz/eva_1996__band_gap_SiO2_quartz.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "band_gap",
"unit": "eV",
"abscissa": "none",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"weinberg_1979"
],
"parameters": {
"kind": "not stated"
}
}
Printed ‘≈ 9 [20]’ (approximate). weinberg_1979 deduces 9.3 eV for amorphous thermally grown SiO2 from the field dependence of photoconductivity and reviews ~9 eV estimates (among them a 9.2 eV indirect gap calculated for alpha-quartz); it prints no measured gap of crystalline quartz, so the attribution is loose.
eva_1996/alpha_SiO2_suprasil1#
{
"id": "alpha_SiO2_suprasil1",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__alpha_SiO2_suprasil1.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000,
"grade": "Suprasil 1"
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. 1 mm sample; 351 nm only (no two-photon absorption at 351 nm).
eva_1996/alpha_SiO2_suprasil2#
{
"id": "alpha_SiO2_suprasil2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__alpha_SiO2_suprasil2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000,
"grade": "Suprasil 2"
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. 2 mm; at 248 nm extrapolated to zero pulses (Figs. 6-7). The 193 nm value is printed ‘≈ 30’ (approximate; Fig. 9 shows it rising with pulse number).
eva_1996/alpha_CaF2#
{
"id": "alpha_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/eva_1996__alpha_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. Three rows: 2 mm at 351 nm, 5 mm at 248 nm, 5 mm at 193 nm (the last row; the sample was damaged at 420 mJ/cm2 and the 193 nm values are ‘approximate’, p. 3).
eva_1996/alpha_LiF#
{
"id": "alpha_LiF",
"material": "LiF",
"file": "LiF/eva_1996__alpha_LiF.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. 2 mm. The rise from 351 to 248 nm is ascribed to colour-centre bands near 250 nm (p. 2).
eva_1996/alpha_MgF2#
{
"id": "alpha_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/eva_1996__alpha_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. 2 mm; orientation not stated.
eva_1996/alpha_SiO2_quartz#
{
"id": "alpha_SiO2_quartz",
"material": "SiO2_quartz",
"file": "SiO2_quartz/eva_1996__alpha_SiO2_quartz.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000,
"axis": "o"
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. z-cut, 2 mm (axis ‘o’ inferred from the cut).
eva_1996/alpha_BaF2#
{
"id": "alpha_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/eva_1996__alpha_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm-1",
"scale": 0.001,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.2,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"base": "e",
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
From the offset of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2); surface absorption not accounted for. 5 mm; offset of the linear fit (Fig. 3).
eva_1996/beta_SiO2_suprasil2#
{
"id": "beta_SiO2_suprasil2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__beta_SiO2_suprasil2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000,
"grade": "Suprasil 2"
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). 2 mm; absorptance extrapolated to zero pulses (Figs. 6-7), eliminating the cumulative colour-centre increase only; up to a third of the slope may be transient colour-centre absorption (p. 5).
eva_1996/beta_SiO2_quartz#
{
"id": "beta_SiO2_quartz",
"material": "SiO2_quartz",
"file": "SiO2_quartz/eva_1996__beta_SiO2_quartz.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000,
"axis": "o"
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). z-cut, 2 mm (axis ‘o’ inferred); increase linear in H, virtually no degradation (Fig. 10).
eva_1996/beta_BaF2#
{
"id": "beta_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/eva_1996__beta_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). 5 mm. At 248 nm: slope times the beam form factor 0.7, reversible, up to 24 % possibly transient colour-centre absorption (p. 3). At 193 nm: ‘slightly smaller than at 248 nm’; surface damage after 35 000 pulses at 0.9 J/cm2.
eva_1996/beta_CaF2#
{
"id": "beta_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/eva_1996__beta_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "primary",
"excluded_rows": {
"3/248": "printed '≈ 0': no two-photon absorption detected (band gap above twice the photon energy), not a measured magnitude"
},
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). 5 mm samples. The 193 nm value is ‘approximate’ (damage at 420 mJ/cm2, p. 3).
eva_1996/beta_LiF#
{
"id": "beta_LiF",
"material": "LiF",
"file": "LiF/eva_1996__beta_LiF.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "excluded",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). 2 mm; printed ‘≈ 0’: no two-photon absorption detected (band gap above twice the photon energy), not a measured magnitude.
eva_1996/beta_MgF2#
{
"id": "beta_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/eva_1996__beta_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "excluded",
"uncertainty": {
"relative": 0.4,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"form": "bulk",
"technique": "calorimetry",
"pulse_fs": 25000000
}
}
Slope of absorptance against intensity (Eq. 2). 2 mm; printed ‘≈ 0’: no two-photon absorption detected (band gap above twice the photon energy), not a measured magnitude.
eva_1996/taylor_248_SiO2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__taylor_248_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
beta_Lit. column, ‘measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps’ (caption), from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988). Taylor’s 4.5e-11 cm/W.
eva_1996/taylor_248_CaF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_CaF2",
"material": "CaF2",
"file": "CaF2/eva_1996__taylor_248_CaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
beta_Lit. column, ‘measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps’ (caption), from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988). ‘.08’ is Taylor’s 8.3e-12 cm/W rounded.
eva_1996/taylor_248_BaF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_BaF2",
"material": "BaF2",
"file": "BaF2/eva_1996__taylor_248_BaF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
beta_Lit. column, ‘measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps’ (caption), from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988). Taylor’s 1.1e-10 cm/W.
eva_1996/taylor_248_LiF#
{
"id": "taylor_248_LiF",
"material": "LiF",
"file": "LiF/eva_1996__taylor_248_LiF.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "excluded",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
beta_Lit. column, ‘measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps’ (caption), from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988). Printed ‘≤ .01’: Taylor’s upper bound (<= 1.3e-12) rounded; not a measured beta.
eva_1996/taylor_248_MgF2#
{
"id": "taylor_248_MgF2",
"material": "MgF2",
"file": "MgF2/eva_1996__taylor_248_MgF2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "excluded",
"reproduced_from": [
"taylor_1988"
],
"parameters": {
"pulse_fs": 700
}
}
beta_Lit. column, ‘measured at 248 nm / 0.7 ps’ (caption), from Ref. [2] (taylor_1988). Printed ‘≤ .01’: Taylor’s upper bound (<= 1.3e-12) rounded; not a measured beta.
eva_1996/brimacombe_248_SiO2#
{
"id": "brimacombe_248_SiO2",
"material": "SiO2",
"file": "SiO2/eva_1996__brimacombe_248_SiO2.csv",
"table": "tbl_48a4477a3382",
"quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
"unit": "cm/W",
"scale": 1e-10,
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"brimacombe_1989"
],
"parameters": {
"form": "fibre",
"pulse_fs": 9000000
}
}
The ‘(2.1 [19])’ in the Suprasil 2 beta_Lit cell (split by the script): brimacombe_1989’s fibre value at 248 nm (2.1e-4 cm/MW), measured with 9 ns pulses, not 0.7 ps as the caption says of the column; the text calls it ‘the value reported for fibers with 9 ns pulses’ (p. 5).
Formulas#
eva_1996/degradation_rate#
{
"id": "degradation_rate",
"material": "SiO2",
"equation": "Fig. 7 and p. 5",
"printed": "Delta A / n = 0.056 ppm (H[J/cm^2])^3.14",
"variable": "H: energy density per pulse in J/cm2; Delta A / n: initial absorptance increase per pulse, in ppm",
"range": "Suprasil 2, 2 mm, 248 nm, 33 Hz; the four energy densities (>= 600 mJ/cm2) at which ageing took place",
"coefficients": {
"a": "0.056",
"p": "3.14"
},
"check": "The paper's own prediction, 160 ppm after 200 000 pulses at 256 mJ/cm2 (p. 6), is reproduced: 0.056 x 0.256^3.14 x 2e5 = 155 ppm (checked 2026-09-26)."
}
Log-log regression of the initial degradation rates of Fig. 6; ‘given the uncertainty and scarcity of the data points, a quadratic relationship cannot be ruled out’ (p. 5). No change was seen at 250 mJ/cm2 over 200 000 pulses (a threshold the fit does not describe).
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.