brandi_2002#
F. Brandi, W. Hogervorst and W. Ubachs, “High-resolution vacuum-ultraviolet and ultraviolet photoionization spectroscopy of krypton”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, 1071 (2002)
Source record · Catalogue · Review register
DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/35/4/329
Source kind: measurement
Recorded technique: Resonance-enhanced photoionisation of krypton in a skimmed, collimated atomic beam crossed by the laser beams (collision-free), the ions mass-resolved by time of flight so that all six stable isotopes are recorded: 1VUV + 1UV to 5d[1/2]1 (96.3 nm) and 6s[3/2]1 (100.1 nm), the VUV the third harmonic in a xenon jet of the doubled output of a pulsed dye amplifier (6 ns, 10 Hz) seeded by a cw ring dye laser; 2UV + 1UV to 5p[1/2]0 (212.6 nm), 5p[3/2]2 (214.8 nm) and 5p[5/2]2 (216.7 nm), the UV the amplifier’s third harmonic (KD*P doubling, BBO type-I mixing, about 1 mJ), unfocused for the spectroscopy and focused by a 1 m lens for the ac Stark shift (Table 1, Sec. 2). Absolute frequencies from the cw seed against I2 saturation lines (the ‘t’ hyperfine components, 1 MHz) and a stabilised confocal etalon, times 6; the amplifier’s chirp is the main systematic error (30 MHz allowed, Sec. 3.2).
Materials in structured entries: Kr
Dataset quantities: ionization_energy, level_energy, light_shift_coefficient
Contents: 6 datasets; 0 formulas.
Curation notes#
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, 1071-1084 (2002) = PDF pages 1-14 (journal page = PDF page + 1070). Identity checked against the first page (journal, volume, pages, authors, title, received 15 November 2001, published 13 February 2002). Level labels: the paper uses jl coupling without the core, all its levels having the 2P3/2 core; NIST’s (data/external/nist_asd/Kr_I_levels.tsv) are 5d[1/2]1 = 4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* J = 1, 6s[3/2]1 = 4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* J = 1, 5p[1/2]0 = 4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] J = 0 (also the 5p[3/2]2 and 5p[5/2]2 of the isotope shifts = (2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] J = 2 and 2[5/2] J = 2). The mapping is the energy and J: each Table 4 energy is within 0.008 cm^-1 of the NIST level so named; the nearest other NIST levels are 40 cm^-1 (6p 2[1/2] J = 0, even, below 5d[1/2]1), 248 cm^-1 (4d 2[3/2]* J = 1, below 6s[3/2]1) and 970 cm^-1 (5p 2[3/2] J = 2, below 5p[1/2]0) away. The 5p levels of the isotope shifts carry no energy here.
WHAT IS TAKEN (tools/extract/brandi_2002.py). Table 4 (p. 1079): the energies of 5d[1/2]1, 6s[3/2]1 and 5p[1/2]0 of 86Kr above the ground level, cm^-1, three level_energy datasets (one file each). The 5p[1/2]0 energy is the two-photon transition (2 x 212.55 nm), measured unfocused (at most 0.2 MW cm^-2, where the ac Stark shift below is 0.15 MHz). The uncertainties (12-14 in the last digits, 36-42 MHz) combine the statistical standard deviation, a residual chirp of 30 MHz, a Doppler allowance of 20 MHz and the etalon’s free spectral range (p. 1078-1079); their level is not stated. The text, p. 1079 and the abstract: the ionisation energy of 86Kr, ‘E86 = 112 914.516(14) cm-1’, inline, use = check: it is Yoon and Glab’s Rydberg-series limit (112 914.500(14), J. Phys. B 27, 4133 (1994), not in the library) moved by this paper’s correction of their 5p[3/2]1,2 initial energies (+0.012) and the 84Kr-86Kr shift of those levels (about 0.004, from Kaufman 1993): a derived value, isotope specific.
CHECKED (the script). The text’s mean and standard deviation of the three differences from Kaufman and Humphreys (-0.0558 and 0.0005 cm^-1) from the printed differences (-0.0559, -0.0553, -0.0563). Against NIST’s Kr I levels, which name no isotope: the 86Kr energies lie 0.0073 (5d[1/2]1), 0.0043 (6s[3/2]1) and 0.0047 cm^-1 (5p[1/2]0) above NIST’s 103 801.7929, 99 894.0485 and 94 092.8626; moved to 84Kr by the paper’s own isotope shifts (Table 2, Delta^{84,86} = -206, -112, -138 MHz) they are 103 801.7933, 99 894.0491 and 94 092.8627, within 0.0004, 0.0006 and 0.0001 cm^-1 of NIST (the script requires 0.001). NIST’s values are therefore those of 84Kr (natural Kr, 57 % 84Kr) on this paper’s calibration; NIST gives these three levels no bibliographic key or uncertainty in the held file. NIST’s ionisation limit, 112 914.433(16) cm^-1 (the file’s Limit row; nist_asd_2026 ie_Kr_I, 13.9996055 eV), is 0.083 cm^-1 below this paper’s 86Kr value and 0.067 below the 112 914.50(2) of Klar et al. (J. Phys. B 34, 1549 (2001), not in the library) that the paper calls consistent with it (p. 1079): the difference exceeds both uncertainties; the isotope shift of the limit (about 0.008 cm^-1 per two mass units, Kaufman, p. 1079) does not explain it. All cells taken were checked against the table images; the text values on the PDF’s text layer (pp. 1071, 1079, 1081, 1082).
ALSO TAKEN (light_shift_coefficient, TC-1011; inline, text values). (1) ls_5p12_0: the ac Stark shift of the two-photon 4p6 - 5p[1/2]0 transition of 84Kr (Sec. 3.3, p. 1081; abstract; conclusions): ‘a slope of 0.75(48) Hz (W cm-2)-1, where 50% uncertainty on the actual power density is considered’, a blue shift of the transition (2UV) frequency, linear for power densities up to about 260 MW cm^-2 (Fig. 4, a weighted linear fit); sub-linear at 2.6 GW cm^-2 with an asymmetric line (FWHM about 2.3 GHz, tail to the blue). The power density (p. 1080) is that of the UV pulse focused by a 1 m lens to about 90 um diameter (Gaussian beam assumed): ‘about 2.6 GW cm-2 at 1 mJ/pulse energy’ with the 6 ns pulses, 50 % uncertainty ‘related to possible hot spots’; the confocal parameter (6 cm) exceeds the Kr beam (a few mm), so the intensity is taken as uniform. use = primary (the paper’s own measurement). The abscissa is the photon’s vacuum wavelength, 212.55 nm (p. 1072; 2 x 212.556 nm from Table 4’s 94 092.8673 cm^-1). The polarisation is not stated (the UV is the type-I BBO mixing product, p. 1074). (2) ls_5p12_0_stoicheff: the Stoicheff group’s ‘2.6(1.1) Hz (W cm-2)-1’ (p. 1082), from resonance-enhanced THG in a jet of natural Kr, which the paper calls ‘not completely compatible with our finding, although of the same order of magnitude’: use = reproduced, from Balakrishnan, Smith and Stoicheff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2149 (1992) and Phys. Rev. A 48, 2460 (1994) as the reference list prints them (not in the library); their intensity definition is not given here.
NOT TAKEN (no quantity; declined, TC-1011): (1) the isotope shifts of Table 2 (p. 1076, MHz, Delta^{84,A} = nu^84 - nu^A for A = 86, 83, 82, 80, 78 on all five transitions, 1 sigma; 83Kr relative to the hyperfine centre of gravity), with the text’s Delta_{5p[3/2]2, F=13/2}^{84,83} = 1083(14) MHz and Delta_{6s[3/2]1, F=11/2}^{84,83} = 786(10) MHz (p. 1076). The ‘from [23]’ and ‘from [7]’ rows are Kaufman’s (J. Res. NIST 98, 717 (1993)) and Trickl et al.’s (Phys. Rev. A 39, 2948 (1989)) values, reproduced. (2) The hyperfine constants of 83Kr 5p[5/2]2, A = -155.6(1.2) MHz and B = -428(25) MHz (p. 1076; Cannon and Janik’s -156.49(8) and -407.7(13) reproduced).
NOT TAKEN (not a quantity of a gas): Table 3 (p. 1077), the King-plot slopes, intercepts and the field- and mass-shift factors F_i and M_i (nuclear-structure analysis on Cannon and Janik’s 760 nm line); Table 1, the wavelengths and dyes; the line widths (Gaussian FWHM about 400 and 350 MHz, the laser bandwidth, p. 1074; 630 MHz at 260 MW cm^-2, power broadened, p. 1081): instrumental. The 5p[1/2]0 energies the paper derives at others’ intensities (94 092.89(2) at 8e8 W cm^-2 against Balakrishnan et al.’s THG value 94 093.00(4); 94 092.90(2) at 4e9 W cm^-2 against Hollenstein, Palm and Merkt’s 94 092.91 (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 4023 (2000)), p. 1082) and the intercept 23.377(44) GHz of Fig. 4 (relative to the I2 line): light shifted or relative, not level energies. Fig. 3 (spectra at three power densities) and Fig. 4 (the shifts, log-log; the slope is printed): not digitised. Kaufman and Humphreys’s energies (J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 1614 (1969)) follow from Table 4 by subtraction and are not taken. No pressure shift, collisional width, lifetime or two-photon cross section is measured (a collision-free beam).
FOR OEP 8. ls_5p12_0 is the only measured Kr 5p light shift found. In OEP 8’s convention (Eq. 6-7, I = 2 eps0 c |E+|^2) a transition shift of +0.75(48) Hz per W cm^-2 is Re alpha_f - alpha_g = -16(10) au at 212.55 nm, the power density taken as the intensity (a derived number, not recorded as data).
FURTHER TWO-PHOTON DATA CITED: the Stoicheff group’s THG calibration and light shift of 5p[1/2]0 (Balakrishnan et al. 1992, 1994, above); Hollenstein et al. 2000 (above, line width 0.12 cm^-1 at about 4e9 W cm^-2); Miyazaki, Sakai and Sato, Appl. Opt. 28, 699 (1989) and Marangos, Shen, Hutchinson and Connerade, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 1254 (1990), resonance-enhanced THG and mixing on 5p[1/2]0; Dorman, Kucukkara and Marangos, Phys. Rev. A 61, 013802 (1999), EIT-enhanced mixing via 5p[1/2]0; Camparo and Lambropoulos, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 2163 (1992) and Opt. Commun. 137, 413 (1997), and Pindzola, Glasser and Payne, Phys. Rev. A 30, 1800 (1984), ac Stark line shapes of two-photon transitions; Plimmer et al., J. Phys. B 22, L241 (1989), cw two-photon excitation of Xe. None is in the library (checked by folder name; the library’s Trickl_1989 is a different paper, on N2).
Recorded bibliographic identity status: VALIDATED_WITH_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.
Datasets#
brandi_2002/level_5d12_1#
{
"id": "level_5d12_1",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/brandi_2002__level_5d12_1.csv",
"table": "tbl_04c6e9828857",
"quantity": "level_energy",
"unit": "cm-1",
"abscissa": "label",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"configuration": "4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d",
"term": "2[1/2]*",
"j": "1",
"isotope": "86Kr"
}
}
Table 4 (p. 1079), 86Kr 5d[1/2]1 (jl coupling), from 1VUV + 1UV photoionisation at 96.3 nm, calibrated on the I2 P(11)16-1 line; 0.0559 cm^-1 below Kaufman and Humphreys (1969). The value and its uncertainty as printed, ‘103 801.8002(12)’.
brandi_2002/level_6s32_1#
{
"id": "level_6s32_1",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/brandi_2002__level_6s32_1.csv",
"table": "tbl_04c6e9828857",
"quantity": "level_energy",
"unit": "cm-1",
"abscissa": "label",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"configuration": "4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s",
"term": "2[3/2]*",
"j": "1",
"isotope": "86Kr"
}
}
Table 4 (p. 1079), 86Kr 6s[3/2]1 (jl coupling), from 1VUV + 1UV photoionisation at 100.1 nm, calibrated on the I2 P(55)12-2 line; 0.0553 cm^-1 below Kaufman and Humphreys (1969). The value and its uncertainty as printed, ‘99 894.0528(14)’.
brandi_2002/level_5p12_0#
{
"id": "level_5p12_0",
"material": "Kr",
"file": "Kr/brandi_2002__level_5p12_0.csv",
"table": "tbl_04c6e9828857",
"quantity": "level_energy",
"unit": "cm-1",
"abscissa": "label",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"configuration": "4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p",
"term": "2[1/2]",
"j": "0",
"isotope": "86Kr"
}
}
Table 4 (p. 1079), 86Kr 5p[1/2]0 (jl coupling), the two-photon level at 2 x 212.55 nm, from 2UV + 1UV photoionisation (unfocused, at most 0.2 MW cm^-2), calibrated on the I2 R(63)7-4 line; 0.0563 cm^-1 below Kaufman and Humphreys (1969). The value and its uncertainty as printed, ‘94 092.8673(13)’. For 84Kr add Delta^{84,86} = -138(15) MHz (Table 2): 94 092.8627 (record notes).
brandi_2002/ie_86Kr#
{
"id": "ie_86Kr",
"material": "Kr",
"table": "text",
"quantity": "ionization_energy",
"unit": "cm-1",
"abscissa": "label",
"use": "check",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"kind": "adiabatic",
"final_state": "4p5 2P*<3/2> (the Kr II ground level)",
"isotope": "86Kr"
}
}
1 inline points in the source record.
Abstract and p. 1079: ‘an estimate for the ionization energy of 86Kr, E86 = 112 914.516(14) cm-1’: Yoon and Glab’s limit (112 914.500(14), from Rydberg series excited from 5p[3/2]1,2 in natural Kr) + 0.012 (this paper’s correction of the initial levels’ energies) + about 0.004 (their 84Kr-86Kr shift). Derived from another paper’s measurement, so check; the uncertainty is Yoon and Glab’s, level not stated. NIST’s limit is 0.083 cm^-1 lower (record notes).
brandi_2002/ls_5p12_0#
{
"id": "ls_5p12_0",
"material": "Kr",
"table": "text",
"quantity": "light_shift_coefficient",
"unit": "Hz/(W/cm2)",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"wavelength_medium": "vacuum",
"use": "primary",
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"final_level": "5p[1/2]0 = 4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] J = 0",
"photons": 2,
"intensity_definition": "the UV power density: pulse energy over the 6 ns pulse and the area of the focus, about 90 um in diameter for a Gaussian beam behind a 1 m lens (2.6 GW cm-2 at 1 mJ), 50 % uncertainty (p. 1080)",
"isotope": "84Kr",
"intensity_range_w_cm2": "up to about 2.6e8"
}
}
1 inline points in the source record.
p. 1081 (also the abstract and conclusions): the ac Stark shift of the two-photon 4p6 1S0 - 5p[1/2]0 transition of 84Kr, ‘a slope of 0.75(48) Hz (W cm-2)-1, where 50% uncertainty on the actual power density is considered’; positive, a shift to the blue of the transition (2UV) frequency; linear for power densities up to about 260 MW cm-2, sub-linear above (record notes). The uncertainty as printed, level not stated.
brandi_2002/ls_5p12_0_stoicheff#
{
"id": "ls_5p12_0_stoicheff",
"material": "Kr",
"table": "text",
"quantity": "light_shift_coefficient",
"unit": "Hz/(W/cm2)",
"abscissa_unit": "nm",
"wavelength_medium": "vacuum",
"use": "reproduced",
"reproduced_from": [
"A. Balakrishnan, V. Smith and B. P. Stoicheff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2149 (1992); Phys. Rev. A 48, 2460 (1994) (as the paper's reference [13] prints them)"
],
"uncertainty": {
"column": true,
"level": "not stated"
},
"parameters": {
"final_level": "5p[1/2]0 = 4s2.4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] J = 0",
"photons": 2,
"intensity_definition": "not stated in this paper (the Stoicheff group's UV power density)",
"isotope": "natural Kr"
}
}
1 inline points in the source record.
p. 1082: ‘the ac Stark shift measured by the Stoicheff group, 2.6(1.1) Hz (W cm-2)-1, which is not completely compatible with our finding, although of the same order of magnitude’, from resonance-enhanced third-harmonic generation in a Kr jet (natural Kr, collisions present). Their intensity definition and uncertainty level are not given in this paper.
Formulas#
No formulas are recorded.
Corrections#
No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.
Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the review register for the checks and decisions.