uiterwaal_1998 ============== C\. J\. G\. J\. Uiterwaal, D\. Xenakis, D\. Charalambidis, P\. Maragakis, H\. Schroder and P\. Lambropoulos, "Generalized multiphoton\-ionization cross sections of the rare gases for 500\-fs, 248\.6\-nm pulses", Phys\. Rev\. A 57, 392 \(1998\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1103/PhysRevA\.57\.392 `__ **Source kind:** measurement **Recorded technique:** Photoelectron \(ATI\) spectra of He, Ne, Ar and Kr in 500 fs, 248\.6 nm pulses \(a hybrid dye\-excimer laser, 4\.99 eV photons, 15 cm focusing lens, a 20 cm magnetically shielded electron time\-of\-flight spectrometer; ion yields with the same instrument or a confined\-volume reflection time\-of\-flight spectrometer, p\. 393\)\. The maximum ponderomotive shift of the first ATI peak against the laser energy rises linearly and stops where the atom saturates; with a single\-rate model, dP/dt = \[1 \- P\] sigma\_\(N\) Phi^N \(Eqs\. 1\-3\), and the shift U\_p = 5\.7e\-15 I \(eV, W/cm2; Eq\. 7\) the plateau gives the saturation intensity I\_sat, defined by sigma\_\(N\) \(I\_sat/hbar omega\)^N t\_eff = 1 \(Eq\. 9\), and the generalized cross section \(Eqs\. 13\-14\), t\_eff = int F^N dt the effective duration\. 'As our method relies on photoelectron kinetic energy measurements and not on laser intensity measurements' \(p\. 393\), neither needs the focal spot or an intensity calibration; the order N is the lowest\-order perturbative one \(He 5, Ar 4, Kr 3\)\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar, He, Kr, Xe **Dataset quantities:** multiphoton\_ionization\_cross\_section, saturation\_intensity **Contents:** 7 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- Journal pp\. 392\-400 = PDF pages 1\-9\. Identity checked against the first page\. WHAT IS TAKEN\. The saturation intensities of He, Ar and Kr printed in the text \(Sec\. VI, p\. 399\: 'I\_sat,He = \(6\.9 \+\- 0\.8\) x 10^14 W cm^\-2, I\_sat,Ar = \(1\.0 \+\- 0\.15\) x 10^14 W cm^\-2, and I\_sat,Kr = \(2\.4 \+\- 0\.6\) x 10^13 W cm^\-2'\), and the experimental generalized cross sections of Table I \(p\. 399, tbl\_02103ed7cb91; cells checked against the table image\)\: He sigma\_\(5\), Ar sigma\_\(4\), Kr sigma\_\(3\), and Xe sigma\_\(3\), the last 'calculated with Eq\. \(5\) using the saturation intensity taken from the Xe\-ion yield curve given in Ref\. \[6\]' \(Charalambidis et al\., Phys\. Rev\. A 50, R2822 \(1994\)\), 'with errors including uncertainties in the intensity calibration'\: not from the ponderomotive shift\. Not taken\: Table I's scaling\-law, TDSE, TDHF and MQDT values \(other papers' theory\), and neon, for which 'a single\-rate description is not valid' \(the ion yield's slope reaches 6\.4 \+\- 0\.4 near saturation, against N = 5; four\-photon resonances with the 3p, 3p' manifold, p\. 397\), so the table prints '?'\. THE ERRORS OF TABLE I are printed as superscript and subscript, the superscript negative for He, Ar and Kr\: '\(0\.9^\-0\.4\_\+9\)', '\(1\.3^\-0\.5\_\+1\)', '\(1\.2^\-0\.6\_\+1\.7\)', and '\(50^\+350\_\-45\)' for Xe\. Read as \+9/\-0\.4, \+1/\-0\.5, \+1\.7/\-0\.6 and \+350/\-45 \(the larger error upwards, as sigma ~ I\_sat^\-N with N = 3 to 5 makes it\); the schema holds no asymmetric uncertainty, so they are the parameters error\_plus and error\_minus, in the printed scale\. The intensities' errors are not defined \(level not stated\)\. CONSISTENCY \(tools/extract/uiterwaal\_1998\.py\)\. Eq\. \(9\) with a sech^2 pulse of 500 fs FWHM reproduces Table I from the saturation intensities\: He 0\.91e\-152, Ar 1\.57e\-116 \(printed 1\.3e\-116\), Kr 1\.22e\-82\. WHAT THEY TEST\. The rate's multiphoton limit\: the Keldysh parameter at I\_sat is about 1\.8 \(He\), 3\.7 \(Ar\) and 7 \(Kr\); 248\.6 nm is below the default's range \(350 nm\) \(TC\-853\)\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- uiterwaal\_1998/isat\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_He", "material": "He", "table": "text", "scale": 100000000000000.0, "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 5, "definition": "sigma_(N) (I_sat / hbar omega)^N t_eff = 1 (Eq. 9): the peak intensity at which a single rate sigma_(N) Phi^N ionises 1 - 1/e of the atoms over the pulse, t_eff = int F^N dt" } } 1 inline points in the source record. p\. 399 \(Sec\. VI\)\: I\_sat,He = \(6\.9 \+\- 0\.8\) x 10^14 W/cm2, from the plateau of the maximum ponderomotive shift \(Fig\. 6\) through Eq\. \(14\), the 5\-photon order; defined by Eq\. \(9\)\. Independent of an intensity calibration \(the record's notes\)\. The error is not defined\. uiterwaal\_1998/isat\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Ar", "material": "Ar", "table": "text", "scale": 100000000000000.0, "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 4, "definition": "sigma_(N) (I_sat / hbar omega)^N t_eff = 1 (Eq. 9): the peak intensity at which a single rate sigma_(N) Phi^N ionises 1 - 1/e of the atoms over the pulse, t_eff = int F^N dt" } } 1 inline points in the source record. p\. 399 \(Sec\. VI\)\: I\_sat,Ar = \(1\.0 \+\- 0\.15\) x 10^14 W/cm2, from the plateau of the maximum ponderomotive shift \(Fig\. 6\) through Eq\. \(14\), the 4\-photon order; defined by Eq\. \(9\)\. Independent of an intensity calibration \(the record's notes\)\. The error is not defined\. uiterwaal\_1998/isat\_Kr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Kr", "material": "Kr", "table": "text", "scale": 10000000000000.0, "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 3, "definition": "sigma_(N) (I_sat / hbar omega)^N t_eff = 1 (Eq. 9): the peak intensity at which a single rate sigma_(N) Phi^N ionises 1 - 1/e of the atoms over the pulse, t_eff = int F^N dt" } } 1 inline points in the source record. p\. 399 \(Sec\. VI\)\: I\_sat,Kr = \(2\.4 \+\- 0\.6\) x 10^13 W/cm2, from the plateau of the maximum ponderomotive shift \(Fig\. 6\) through Eq\. \(14\), the 3\-photon order; defined by Eq\. \(9\)\. Independent of an intensity calibration \(the record's notes\)\. The error is not defined\. uiterwaal\_1998/sigma5\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "sigma5_He", "material": "He", "table": "text", "scale": 1e-152, "quantity": "multiphoton_ionization_cross_section", "unit": "cm10 s4", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 5, "error_plus": 9, "error_minus": 0.4, "error_definition": "as printed in Table I, superscript and subscript read as plus and minus (the record's notes); not a defined confidence level" } } 1 inline points in the source record. Table I \(p\. 399\), row Experiment\: sigma\_\(5\)^He printed with errors \+9/\-0\.4 in the same scale \(the record's notes on their printing\), from the ponderomotive shift \(Eq\. 13\)\. The rate is sigma\_\(N\) Phi^N, Phi the photon flux in cm^\-2 s^\-1\. uiterwaal\_1998/sigma4\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "sigma4_Ar", "material": "Ar", "table": "text", "scale": 1e-116, "quantity": "multiphoton_ionization_cross_section", "unit": "cm8 s3", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 4, "error_plus": 1, "error_minus": 0.5, "error_definition": "as printed in Table I, superscript and subscript read as plus and minus (the record's notes); not a defined confidence level" } } 1 inline points in the source record. Table I \(p\. 399\), row Experiment\: sigma\_\(4\)^Ar printed with errors \+1/\-0\.5 in the same scale \(the record's notes on their printing\), from the ponderomotive shift \(Eq\. 13\)\. The rate is sigma\_\(N\) Phi^N, Phi the photon flux in cm^\-2 s^\-1\. uiterwaal\_1998/sigma3\_Kr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "sigma3_Kr", "material": "Kr", "table": "text", "scale": 1e-82, "quantity": "multiphoton_ionization_cross_section", "unit": "cm6 s2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 3, "error_plus": 1.7, "error_minus": 0.6, "error_definition": "as printed in Table I, superscript and subscript read as plus and minus (the record's notes); not a defined confidence level" } } 1 inline points in the source record. Table I \(p\. 399\), row Experiment\: sigma\_\(3\)^Kr printed with errors \+1\.7/\-0\.6 in the same scale \(the record's notes on their printing\), from the ponderomotive shift \(Eq\. 13\)\. The rate is sigma\_\(N\) Phi^N, Phi the photon flux in cm^\-2 s^\-1\. uiterwaal\_1998/sigma3\_Xe ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "sigma3_Xe", "material": "Xe", "table": "text", "scale": 1e-82, "quantity": "multiphoton_ionization_cross_section", "unit": "cm6 s2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 248.6, "photon_energy_ev": 4.99, "pulse_fs": 500, "pulse_fs_definition": "FWHM of the intensity, '~500-fs' (p. 393); modelled by the authors as a hyperbolic-secant-squared pulse of 500 fs FWHM (Figs. 7, 8, p. 397), which defines t_eff", "pulse_shape": "sech2", "polarization": "linear", "photons": 3, "error_plus": 350, "error_minus": 45, "error_definition": "as printed in Table I, superscript and subscript read as plus and minus (the record's notes); not a defined confidence level" } } 1 inline points in the source record. Table I \(p\. 399\), row Experiment\: sigma\_\(3\)^Xe printed with errors \+350/\-45 in the same scale \(the record's notes on their printing\), calculated by the authors with Eq\. \(5\) from the saturation intensity of Ref\. \[6\]'s Xe\-ion yield curve \(Charalambidis et al\. 1994\), with errors including the intensity calibration; NOT from the ponderomotive shift\. The rate is sigma\_\(N\) Phi^N, Phi the photon flux in cm^\-2 s^\-1\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.