nambu_2026
==========

N\. Nambu, Z\. Nie, K\. Marsh and C\. Joshi, "Strong\-field physics meets quantum electronics", J\. Opt\. Soc\. Am\. B 43, 750\-773 \(2026\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/nambu_2026.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1364/JOSAB\.581433 <https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.581433>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Cross\-polarized common\-path temporal interferometry \(Sec\. 4A, pp\. 6\-7, Fig\. 5; the method of Nie et al\. 2022, the paper's ref\. 75\)\: a pump pulse focused into a static\-filled gas tube ionises the gas; a weaker probe pulse is split by a birefringent crystal into two cross\-polarized copies, the reference arriving before the pump and the probe after it, and their phase difference is measured with a Wollaston prism and a balanced photodetector\. Pump and probe \(Table 2, p\. 20\)\: 800 nm pump, 55 fs, spot size 60\.0 um, probed at 400 nm, 130 fs, 42\.0 um; 400 nm pump, 130 fs, 27\.5 um, probed at 800 nm, 55 fs, 23\.3 um\. Which probe goes with which pump is not said in this paper; Nie et al\. 2022 \(p\. 8\: 'when we use 800 nm pump laser, the wavelength of the probe beam is 400 nm; when we use 400 nm or 267 nm pump lasers, the wavelength of the probe beam is 800 nm instead', and their Table 1, p\. 7, with the same durations and spot sizes\) say it\. Both beams Gaussian with 'measured beam quality of M^2 = 1\.25' \(App\. C, p\. 20\)\. Ar, Kr and Xe, linearly and circularly polarized pump\. The gas pressure was adjusted at each pump intensity to keep the phase shift below 300 mrad and the phase shifts normalised to 1 atm \(p\. 7\); for Fig\. 6, 0\.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, 'with a linear relationship between pressure and phase change' \(Fig\. 6's caption\)\.

**Materials in structured entries:** Ar, Kr, Xe

**Dataset quantities:** ionization\_phase\_shift

**Contents:** 12 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Journal pp\. 750\-773 = PDF pages 1\-24 \(journal page = PDF page \+ 749\)\. Identity checked on PDF p\. 1 \(title 'Strong\-field physics meets quantum electronics'; Noa Nambu, Zan Nie, Kenneth Marsh and Chan Joshi, UCLA; JOSA B 43\(4\), April 2026; received 20 October 2025, published 18 March 2026\) on 2026\-10\-01; the library's front matter agrees\.

THE QUANTITY \(Sec\. 4A, Eq\. \(3\), p\. 6\), quoted\: 'The phase change is related to the plasma density as Delta phi = int\_\-inf^inf int\_0^inf \(2 pi / lambda\_probe\) Ibar\_probe\(r, z\) Delta eta\(r, z\) r dr dz, where lambda\_probe is the probe wavelength, Ibar\_probe\(r, z\) = I\_probe\(r, z\) / int\_0^inf I\_probe\(r, z\) r dr is the normalized spatial intensity distribution of the probe, and I\_pump\(r, z\) is the spatial intensity distribution of the pump, which induces a change in refractive index Delta eta\(r, z\)\.' For a plasma alone Delta eta = \-n\_p / 2 n\_c with n\_c = eps0 m\_e omega\_probe^2 / e^2 \(p\. 7\); electrons in excited atoms add to n\_p where the probe is far above their transitions \(Eq\. \(4\), p\. 7\)\. The measured phases were normalised to 1 atm \(p\. 7, Figs\. 6 and 7's captions\), plotted as Delta Phi in rad/atm\: here rad at pressure\_atm = 1\. The sign is not kept\: the figures plot the magnitude\. App\. C \(p\. 20\) models both beams as Gaussian, I\(r, z\) proportional to exp\(\-2 r^2 / w\(z\)^2\) \(Eq\. \(C1\)\), M^2 = 1\.25, with the spot sizes of Table 2; the 'spot size' is the radius w0 of that profile \(Nie et al\. 2022, Fig\. 3\(b\), draws the pump's and the probe's w\(z\) with minima at 60 and 42 um\)\.

THE INTENSITY\: the pump's peak intensity \(App\. C computes the ionisation 'as a function of peak intensity'\)\. How it was obtained \(energy, duration and spot size\) and its uncertainty are not stated in this paper; Nie et al\. 2022 \(p\. 6\) measured 'the spot size, pulse duration, laser energy and gas pressure at each experimental condition'\. Whether a circularly polarised pulse's intensity is its total is not stated\. The pulse duration's definition is not stated \(Nie et al\. 2022, p\. 6\: 55 fs 'measured by Spectral Phase Interferometry for Direct Electric\-field Reconstruction'\)\.

EXTRACTED \(tools/extract/nambu\_2026\.py\), data rule 8, TC\-699\: the measured points, with their error bars, of Fig\. 6 \(PDF p\. 7, library figure fig\_119981293e1f; 800 nm pump\) and Fig\. 7 \(PDF p\. 8, fig\_63d440c06a97; 400 nm pump\), Ar, Kr and Xe, LP \(blue squares\) and CP \(red circles\)\: 12 datasets, 251 points\. The PPT and TDSE curves and Fig\. 8 \(267 nm\) are not taken\. Both figures are vector drawings, each a form XObject on its page, read from the drawing\: the plot areas, legends and panel labels from the drawing and its text objects; the log axes calibrated from each panel's own tick marks, every tick on the fitted scale within 0\.005 pt \(x\: 87\.5 pt per decade in Fig\. 6\(a, b\), 62\.6 in 6\(c\), 57\.5 in 7\(a, b\), 48\.0 in 7\(c\); y\: 17\.6 pt per decade, 1e\-3 to 1e3 rad/atm, 55 ticks\)\. Fig\. 6\(c\) has no x major tick \(the gamma = 1 line is drawn over the 10^14 tick\)\: its 12 minor ticks are read as 2e13 to 9e13 and 2e14 to 5e14, the only assignment of consecutive multiples that puts them on one log scale\. The markers are the filled squares \(1\.17 pt\) and circles \(1\.56 pt\) outside the legends, their centres; every marker's outline \(squares\) or ring \(circles\) is also in the drawing and their counts agree panel by panel, so no marker is missed or doubled\. Each error bar is two vertical lines from the marker's centre with a cap at each end; each line is assigned to the marker whose centre is within 0\.008 pt of its first vertex and 0\.003 pt nearer than any other \(two markers of Fig\. 6\(b\) are 0\.0105 pt apart\), every marker has one line up and one down, and every end has its cap\. Points per dataset\: Fig\. 6\: Ar LP 10, Ar CP 20, Kr LP 22, Kr CP 23, Xe LP 19, Xe CP 17; Fig\. 7\: Ar LP 22, Ar CP 23, Kr LP 30, Kr CP 23, Xe LP 23, Xe CP 19\. Several markers share an intensity \(Fig\. 6's caption\: 'At each intensity, measurements were performed with different gas pressures'\); each is kept as its own row\.

THE ERROR BARS are symmetric in rad, not on the log axis\: the upper and lower half\-lengths agree within 1 % of sigma or 0\.005 pt \(the script checks it; at most 2\.7 % for bars a few tenths of a point long\), so the bars are \+\-sigma and sigma is half the bar's length in rad\. sigma/value is 0\.009 to 0\.69\. Their level is not stated; Nie et al\. 2022 \(p\. 6\)\: 'At each experimental condition, we took 100 shots for statistics'\. 181 of the 251 bars are shorter than the marker's half\-width on both sides, hidden behind the marker in print, but drawn\: they are read like the others\. The printed column gives each marker's centre and its bar's ends in page points\.

DIGITISING\: the drawing gives the marker centres and bar ends to 0\.001 pt, with the bars' first vertices up to 0\.007 pt from the marker centres\: 0\.0004 decade in the phase \(0\.1 %\) and 0\.00015 decade in the intensity \(0\.03 %\), negligible beside the bars\. The markers' widths, 1\.17 and 1\.56 pt, are 0\.066 and 0\.089 decade of phase\: what a reading of the printed figure would face, not this one\. No further uncertainty is added to the bars\.

CHECKS\: \(1\) every tick on its axis's fitted scale \(above\)\. \(2\) Fig\. 6's vertical dash\-dot lines mark gamma = 1 \(its caption\)\: read on the x axis they are at 1\.3196e14 \(Ar\), 1\.1723e14 \(Kr\) and 1\.0157e14 W/cm2 \(Xe\), against I = I\_p c eps0 m\_e omega^2 / e^2 at 800 nm from the paper's ionisation energies \(p\. 8\: 15\.76, 14\.00, 12\.13 eV\)\: 1\.3186e14, 1\.1714e14, 1\.0149e14\: \+0\.074 to \+0\.076 %; this checks Fig\. 6\(c\)'s calibration from minor ticks alone\. \(3\) The intensities fall on a grid\: Fig\. 6's are multiples of 1\.6078e13 W/cm2 and Fig\. 7's of 6\.475e11 W/cm2, every one within 2e\-4 of its multiple \(set pulse energies, presumably\), across panels calibrated separately\. \(4\) Overlays of the extracted markers and bar ends on the PDF rendered at 10x, panel by panel\: every marker captured once, LP and CP as the legends draw them, the legends' markers excluded\. \(5\) Numbers printed for these quantities\: none in the text for Figs\. 6 and 7; the captions' 10 to 200 mrad \(Fig\. 6\) and the \< 300 mrad \(p\. 7\) are the raw phases before normalisation, which are not given point by point\.

FIG\. 6 AND NIE ET AL\. 2022\: the paper says the 800 nm results of ref\. 75 'are reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\), so the Fig\. 6 datasets are marked reproduced\_from nie\_2022 and are not independent of it\. They are not a copy of Nie et al\.'s Fig\. 4\: that figure \(a raster image, Opt\. Express 30, 25696, p\. 8\) shows about one marker per intensity, Fig\. 6 several at many intensities \(Ar CP\: 20 markers at 7 intensities\), and Nie et al\.'s y axis is labelled 'Delta Phi \(rad\)' normalised to 1 atm\. Nie et al\.'s pressures were 3 to 1500 Torr \(p\. 6\), Fig\. 6's caption says 0\.25 Torr to 1 atm\. Nie et al\. \(Fig\. 4's caption\)\: 'a maximum phase change of 500 rad corresponds to 100% ionization of these noble gases \(plasma density of 2\.7 x 10^19 cm^\-3\)'; Fig\. 6's Xe LP reaches 584 rad \(Kr LP 391 rad\) at 2\.89e14 W/cm2\. That figure is not a ceiling\: once the gas is fully ionised near the focus, the ionised column lengthens as the intensity rises \(TC\-817\)\. Against nie\_2022's Fig\. 4, read from its image\: at equal phase Fig\. 6's intensities are 0\.88 to 0\.89 times Nie et al\.'s for Ar and Kr and 0\.82 for Xe \(medians; 0\.80 to 0\.95 point by point\), alike for LP and CP, and Fig\. 6 omits Nie et al\.'s lowest Ar LP and Kr LP points\. The paper does not say why\: the reproduction changes the intensity scale by 11 to 18 % \(TC\-818\)\.

DOUBT\: the probe wavelength for each pump is from Nie et al\. 2022, not this paper; the intensity calibration and its uncertainty are not stated; the error bars' level is not stated; the phase is the probe\-weighted, volume\-integrated quantity of Eq\. \(3\), so a comparison with a model needs the beams' geometry \(Table 2, M^2\) as App\. C does\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Ar\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Ar_LP",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/nambu_2026__fig6_Ar_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(a\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Ar ionised by the 800 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Ar\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Ar_CP",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/nambu_2026__fig6_Ar_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(a\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Ar ionised by the 800 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Kr\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Kr_LP",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/nambu_2026__fig6_Kr_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(b\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Kr ionised by the 800 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Kr\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Kr_CP",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/nambu_2026__fig6_Kr_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(b\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Kr ionised by the 800 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Xe\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Xe_LP",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/nambu_2026__fig6_Xe_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(c\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Xe ionised by the 800 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig6\_Xe\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig6_Xe_CP",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/nambu_2026__fig6_Xe_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_119981293e1f",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nie_2022"
     ],
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 800,
       "pulse_fs": 55,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 400,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 130,
       "pump_waist_um": 60.0,
       "probe_waist_um": 42.0,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "0.25 Torr to 1 atm, total phases 10 to 200 mrad, linear in the pressure (Fig. 6's caption); adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7); Nie et al. 2022 (p. 6) state 3 Torr at the highest and 1500 Torr at the lowest intensity",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 6 \(pdf p\. 7\), panel \(c\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 400 nm probe from Xe ionised by the 800 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\. The 800 nm measurements are those of Nie et al\. 2022 \(the paper's ref\. 75\), 'reproduced in Fig\. 6' \(p\. 7\)\: reproduced\_from nie\_2022; the record's notes say how the two figures differ\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Ar\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Ar_LP",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/nambu_2026__fig7_Ar_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(a\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Ar ionised by the 400 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Ar\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Ar_CP",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/nambu_2026__fig7_Ar_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(a\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Ar ionised by the 400 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Kr\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Kr_LP",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/nambu_2026__fig7_Kr_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(b\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Kr ionised by the 400 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Kr\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Kr_CP",
     "material": "Kr",
     "file": "Kr/nambu_2026__fig7_Kr_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(b\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Kr ionised by the 400 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Xe\_LP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Xe_LP",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/nambu_2026__fig7_Xe_LP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(c\), measured points \(blue squares, 'Exp\. LP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Xe ionised by the 400 nm linearly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

nambu\_2026/fig7\_Xe\_CP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "fig7_Xe_CP",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/nambu_2026__fig7_Xe_CP.csv",
     "table": "fig_63d440c06a97",
     "digitised": "vector",
     "quantity": "ionization_phase_shift",
     "unit": "rad",
     "abscissa": "intensity",
     "abscissa_unit": "W/cm2",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "wavelength_nm": 400,
       "pulse_fs": 130,
       "pulse_fs_definition": "not stated: Table 2's 'Pulse Duration (fs)'",
       "polarization": "circular",
       "probe_wavelength_nm": 800,
       "probe_pulse_fs": 55,
       "pump_waist_um": 27.5,
       "probe_waist_um": 23.3,
       "waist_definition": "Table 2's 'Spot Size (um)': the radius w0 of the Gaussian beam's exp(-2 r^2/w^2) intensity profile (App. C, Eq. (C1); Nie et al. 2022, Fig. 3(b))",
       "m2": 1.25,
       "pressure_atm": 1,
       "pressure_range": "not stated for Fig. 7; adjusted at each intensity to keep the phase below 300 mrad (p. 7), normalised to 1 atm 'as in Fig. 6' (Fig. 7's caption)",
       "intensity": "the pump's peak intensity at focus (App. C)"
     }
   }

Fig\. 7 \(pdf p\. 8\), panel \(c\), measured points \(red circles, 'Exp\. CP'\)\: the phase shift of the 800 nm probe from Xe ionised by the 400 nm circularly polarised pump, normalised to 1 atm, rad, against the pump's peak intensity, W/cm2; read from the vector drawing \(the record's notes\)\. sigma\: half the error bar's length in rad \(the bars are symmetric in rad\), level not stated\. The row numbers the panel's markers in order of intensity; some intensities carry several markers \(measurements at different pressures, Fig\. 6's caption\)\. The printed column gives the marker's centre and the bar's ends in page points\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.