loriot_2011
===========

V\. Loriot, P\. Bejot, W\. Ettoumi, Y\. Petit, J\. Kasparian, S\. Henin, E\. Hertz, B\. Lavorel, O\. Faucher and J\.\-P\. Wolf, Laser Phys\. 21, 1319 \(2011\); preprint arXiv\:1011\.0841 \(2010\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/loriot_2011.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1134/S1054660X11130196 <https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054660X11130196>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** A defence of the higher\-order Kerr \(HOKE\) measurement of loriot\_2009 \(same apparatus\: 90 fs, 800 nm, degenerate pump\-probe transient birefringence, f = 20 cm, 4 degree crossing, 0\.1 bar static cell for the HOKE, 1 bar for n2\)\: the intensity calibration, the fitting protocol, the volume\-effect corrections, and a discussion of plasma, ion and two\-beam\-coupling artefacts; plus filamentation simulations\.

**Materials in structured entries:** Ar, Ar\+, N2, N2\+, O2, O2\+

**Dataset quantities:** ionization\_energy

**Contents:** 6 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

The library copy is the arXiv preprint \(arXiv\:1011\.0841v1, 3 Nov 2010; the library's bibliographic record is the arXiv DOI 10\.48550/arxiv\.1011\.0841\); the journal version, Laser Phys\. 21, 1319 \(2011\), DOI 10\.1134/S1054660X11130196, is cited in these terms by Bejot et al\. 2013 \(ref\. 12\) and Richter et al\. 2013 \(ref\. 22\) and is not in the library\. The paper prints no new third\-order value; its only datasets are the ionisation potentials of Table II \(added 2026\-09\-26, TC\-439; below\)\.

What it adds to loriot\_2009 \(pages of the preprint\)\: \- Intensity\: from the fit of the post\-pulse alignment signal with an effective intensity I\_eff = I\_peak / 1\.7 \(Eq\. 2, p\. 5\), cross\-checked against beam waist, energy \(\+\-5 %\) and duration \(\+\-10 %\); 'an uncertainty of \+\-10 % \(at 3 standard deviations\)' \(p\. 6\)\. P = 1\.8 GW, nonlinear phase below 0\.1 \(N2\) and 0\.14 rad \(O2\)\. \- n2 \(p\. 7\)\: Eq\. \(3\) S\_homo ~ I\_pr \(x\) \[Delta n\_rot \+ \(2/3\) n2^cross I\]^2; 'The coefficients n2^cross = 2 x n2, with n2 the standard self\-induced Kerr index, therefore describes the non\-linear refractive index due to cross\-Kerr effect'; n\_2,par = 3 n\_2,perp, valid when intrapulse alignment is negligible \(orientational Kerr contribution below 5 % at the highest intensity, p\. 7\)\. Table 1 of loriot\_2009 comes from 50, 30 and 8 low\-intensity records \(I\_eff \< 1 TW/cm^2\) in N2, O2 and Ar \(p\. 8\); Delta alpha = 4\.6 and 7\.25 au for N2 and O2\. \- HOKE \(p\. 8\-10\)\: Eq\. \(4\) with \(2j/\(2j \+ 1\)\) n\_2j^cross I^j, 'We have generalized the relation n\_2j,par = \(2j \+ 1\) x n\_2j,perp \.\.\. verified for n2 and n4, to higher orders'; volume\-effect correction factors c\_2j = effective / true HOKE term \(Table I, an equation\-array table\: c4 1\.04, c6 1\.30, c8 1\.45, c10 2\.66\); n4 fitted from 14, 10, 11 records at I\_eff \<= 27, 20, 24 TW/cm^2 \(N2, O2, Ar\), n6 and n8 together from 24, 10, 26 records at higher intensity, n10 only for Ar\. \- Artefacts \(p\. 11\-15\)\: plasma birefringence rejected \(Ar signal returns to zero after the pulses, no temporal asymmetry\), ion chi\(3\) from Sprangle's \(IP\_neutral / IP\_ion\)^3 \(Table II\: IP 15\.6/27\.12, 12\.07/24\.14, 15\.8/27\.6 eV and ratios 0\.19, 0\.125, 0\.185 for N2, O2, Ar\) at most 0\.2 %, two\-beam coupling rejected \(heterodyne detection, symmetric time profile\)\.

Claim and status\: the paper maintains that the saturation and inversion of the instantaneous index are real and that HOKE dominates filament regularisation for short pulses at long wavelengths\. Refuted\: Wahlstrand et al\. 2013 \(wahlstrand\_2013\) show that the plasma grating of a degenerate pump\-probe geometry produces the negative birefringence at these intensities, the time\-symmetry argument failing for chirped pulses \(their Fig\. 4 and p\. 8\-9\); Wahlstrand et al\. 2012 and 2018 measure a response linear in intensity up to and beyond the ionisation threshold\. Not to be used\.

No curated gas beyond N2, O2 and Ar; air is discussed only in the simulations\.

TABLE II \(preprint p\. 14; image checked\)\: 'Ionization potentials of neutral and ionized nitrogen, oxygen, and argon'\: the molecules N2 and O2 and the atom Ar \(not the N and O atoms\), IP\_neutral 15\.6, 12\.07, 15\.8 eV and IP\_ion 27\.12, 24\.14, 27\.6 eV, extracted as the ionisation energies of N2, O2, Ar and of the cations N2\+, O2\+, Ar\+ \('check'\: no source is cited, and no kind for the molecules\)\. The third row, chi\(3\)\_ion/chi\(3\)\_neutral = \(IP\_neutral/IP\_ion\)^3 \(Eq\. 6, after Sprangle et al\., ref\. 36\)\: 0\.19, 0\.125, 0\.185, an estimate, not extracted\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

loriot\_2011/ip\_N2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_N2",
     "material": "N2",
     "file": "N2/loriot_2011__ip_N2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_neutral\: the ionisation potential used in Sprangle et al\.'s estimate Eq\. \(6\) of the ions' chi\(3\); no source is given\. Adiabatic or vertical is not stated\.

loriot\_2011/ip\_N2\+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_N2+",
     "material": "N2+",
     "file": "N2+/loriot_2011__ip_N2+.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_ion\: the ionisation potential of N2\+ \(to N22\+; the final state is not stated\), used in Eq\. \(6\); no source is given\. Adiabatic or vertical is not stated\.

loriot\_2011/ip\_O2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_O2",
     "material": "O2",
     "file": "O2/loriot_2011__ip_O2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_neutral\: the ionisation potential used in Sprangle et al\.'s estimate Eq\. \(6\) of the ions' chi\(3\); no source is given\. Adiabatic or vertical is not stated\.

loriot\_2011/ip\_O2\+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_O2+",
     "material": "O2+",
     "file": "O2+/loriot_2011__ip_O2+.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_ion\: the ionisation potential of O2\+ \(to O22\+; the final state is not stated\), used in Eq\. \(6\); no source is given\. Adiabatic or vertical is not stated\.

loriot\_2011/ip\_Ar
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_Ar",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/loriot_2011__ip_Ar.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "adiabatic"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_neutral\: the ionisation potential used in Sprangle et al\.'s estimate Eq\. \(6\) of the ions' chi\(3\); no source is given\. For an atom the adiabatic and vertical energies coincide\.

loriot\_2011/ip\_Ar\+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "ip_Ar+",
     "material": "Ar+",
     "file": "Ar+/loriot_2011__ip_Ar+.csv",
     "table": "tbl_701638991ad8",
     "quantity": "ionization_energy",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "adiabatic"
     }
   }

Table II \(preprint p\. 14\), IP\_ion\: the ionisation potential of Ar\+ \(to Ar2\+; the final state is not stated\), used in Eq\. \(6\); no source is given\. For an atomic ion the adiabatic and vertical energies coincide\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.