liu_1978
========

P\. Liu, W\. L\. Smith, H\. Lotem, J\. H\. Bechtel, N\. Bloembergen, and R\. S\. Adhav, "Absolute two\-photon absorption coefficients at 355 and 266 nm", Phys\. Rev\. B 17, 4620\-4632 \(1978\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/liu_1978.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1103/physrevb\.17\.4620 <https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.17.4620>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Absolute two\-photon absorption by energy transmission against intensity \(Sec\. III, pp\. 4622\-4624\)\: single 30\-ps FWHM pulses \(average duration\) from a passively mode\-locked, amplified YAlG\:Nd \(Nd\:YAG\) laser, Gaussian in space and time, frequency\-tripled \(355 nm\: CDA doubler, KDP mixer; 1/e radius d = 0\.78 mm\) or quadrupled \(266 nm\: ADP doubler; d = 0\.68 mm\); a fused\-silica lens \(24\.7 cm at 355 nm\) raises the intensity, the samples sitting \>= 2 cm \(many Rayleigh lengths\) behind its focus; each shot on a fresh site\. The transmitted energy fraction T against peak input intensity I\_p is fitted with Eq\. \(10\) \(Gaussian beam and pulse, Eq\. 9, surface reflectivity R and linear absorption alpha included\), starting from the slope Eq\. \(12\), lim d\(1/T\)/dI\_p = beta l/\[2^\(3/2\)\(1 \- R\)\]\. Shot\-to\-shot pulse duration and area from the harmonic energies \(the tau\-A technique, Eq\. 14, with \(tau A\)\_2 from the second harmonic\)\. Energy from a photodiode calibrated against a thermopile and a pyroelectric meter\. Relative measurements \(RbBr and RbI against KI\) by a two\-channel method \(Fig\. 1b, Eqs\. 15\-16\)\. Samples\: alkali halides from Harshaw; KDP and ADP \(266 nm\) from Cleveland Crystals; KDP and its isomorphs \(355 nm\) from Quantum Technology; fused silica from Amersil \(Ref\. 33\)\. Room temperature \(not stated\)\.

**Materials in structured entries:** ADA, ADP, Al2O3, CDA, CaCO3, CaF2, DCDA, DKDA, DKDP, KBr, KCl, KDA, KDP, KI, LiF, NaBr, NaCl, RDA, RDP, RbBr, RbCl, RbI, SiO2, SiO2\_quartz

**Dataset quantities:** band\_gap, critical\_power, effective\_mass, refractive\_index, two\_photon\_absorption\_coefficient

**Contents:** 105 datasets; 1 formula.

Curation notes
--------------

Journal pages 4620\-4632 = pdf pages 1\-13 \(journal page = 4619 \+ pdf page\)\. Identity checked against the first page\.

DEFINITION OF beta \(p\. 4621\)\: the N\-photon coefficient gamma\_N with gamma\_1 = alpha and gamma\_2 = beta, the transmitted intensity for one\- and two\-photon absorption being Eq\. \(5\), I\(l\) = \(1 \- R\)^2 I\(0\) exp\(\-alpha l\)/\[1 \+ beta \(1 \- R\) I\(0\)\(1 \- exp\(\-alpha l\)\)/ alpha\], i\.e\. dI/dz = \-alpha I \- beta I^2 inside the sample with the reflection losses removed \(R explicit; multiple reflections neglected\)\. I is the intensity \(Eq\. A5\: I = \(n0 c/8 pi\) E0^2 for linear, Eq\. A6\: \(n0 c/4 pi\) E0^2 for circular polarization\)\. Eq\. \(6\)\: beta = \(32 pi^2 omega/n0^2 c^2\)\[3 chi''\_xxxx\(\-w, w, w, \-w\)\] for light polarized along \[100\] of a cubic crystal \(Maker and Terhune convention, degeneracy factor 3\); Eq\. \(7\) for \[110\] and Eq\. \(8\) for circular polarization \(derived in Appendix A\)\. beta is in cm/MW throughout \(Tables I, II\)\.

UNCERTAINTY \(p\. 4624 and the footnote d of both tables\)\: 'The uncertainty of the relative value of beta \.\.\. The main contribution \.\.\. is the uncertainty in the experimental value of tau A\. On the average this introduces an uncertainty of \+\-15%\. The scattering of the data points gives on the average another \+\-10%\. The individual uncertainty for each sample is listed in Tables I and II\. The systematic error in the absolute determination of beta, an uncertainty which should be added to the previous one, is \+\-7% in absolute energy calibration, \+\-28% in the average value of tau A at low intensity, and \+\-8% caused by the \+\-1\.5\-mm uncertainty in the determination of the focal length \.\.\. Thus, the absolute uncertainty sums up to \+\-43%\.' Footnote d\: 'The total uncertainty in beta is the sum of the relative uncertainty \(listed in the table for each material\) and the systematic uncertainty of the experiment estimated to be \+\-43%\.' Recorded\: relative = the row's printed %, systematic\_relative = 0\.43, level not stated \(the paper adds the two linearly and states no confidence level; the 43 % is a linear sum of 7 \+ 28 \+ 8\)\. The relative measurements beta\(RbBr\)/beta\(KI\) = 0\.305 and beta\(RbI\)/beta\(KI\) = 0\.668 'agree within 10% with the absolute values in Table I' \(p\. 4627\)\: Table I gives 0\.333 and 0\.697 \(computed\)\.

TABLES \(images checked; every extracted cell agrees\)\. Table I \(tbl\_16c90fa7a1af, p\. 4625\)\: 355 nm; Table II \(tbl\_c0af8ebd30c9, p\. 4626\)\: 266 nm\. Footnotes \(both\)\: a 'Energy band gap E\_g, self\-focusing critical power P\_cr, and refractive index n are given whenever available'; b 'All measurements were done normal to the crystal surface'; c 'E/\|E\| is the direction of the laser polarization'; d \(above\); Table I e\-h name ADA, KDA, RDA, RDP; Table II e \(m\*/m\)\. One dataset per row for beta \(two\_photon\_absorption\_coefficient; the rows of a material that differ in polarization, sample length or colouring are separate datasets, the first row primary and the others check\), and per material for E\_g \(band\_gap, kind not stated\), P\_cr \(critical\_power, check\), n \(refractive\_index, per ray, check\) and m\*/m \(effective\_mass, check\)\. Upper bounds \('\<'\) are kept and excluded\. Table I prints sapphire 'A2O3' \(a misprint of the label\)\. The KDP\-isomorph rows are '45° z cut' with E 'z axis' \(extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to the optic axis; parameters\.axis = 'e'\) or '⊥z axis' \(ordinary; 'o'\); sapphire and quartz 'C axis' rows propagate along the optic axis \(ordinary, 'o'\)\. Deuterated CDA\: 'The value of beta with the beam polarized in the x\-y plane is larger, by a factor of 1\.8, than that obtained when the E field is parallel to z axis' \(p\. 4627\)\.

FUSED SILICA AND QUARTZ AT 266 NM\. Both print 4\.5 x 10^\-5 cm/MW without an uncertainty; liu\_1979 \(Appl\. Opt\. 18, 1015, p\. 1017\) remeasured fused silica\: '1\.7 x 10^\-5 \+\- 20% cm/MW\. Previously it was reported to be on the verge of the earlier detection limit of 4\.5 x 10^\-5 cm/MW'\. Both are recorded as check\: limits, superseded for fused silica by liu\_1979\. The m\*/m = 50 fitted to them is correspondingly uninformative\.

KELDYSH FORMULA \(Eqs\. 3\-4, p\. 4621\) and its fitted masses\: formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\. FINDING \(computed 2026\-09\-27\)\: in the weak\-field limit \(Delta = E\_g\), Eq\. \(4\) with Table II's E\_g, m\*/m and n reproduces Table II's 266\-nm beta to 0\.2\-0\.7 % for NaCl, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, CaCO3 and Al2O3 only if the printed factor \(8 pi/n0\)^N is read as \(8 pi/\(n0 c\)\)^N \(E^2 = 8 pi I/\(n0 c\), Eq\. A5\)\: as printed the result is c^2 = 9\.0e20 times larger\. With that reading KDP gives \+6 %, ADP \+8 %, NaBr \-41 % and fused silica \-35 % against the printed beta, so the NaBr and silica fits used inputs other than the printed ones \(not decidable\)\.

OTHER VALUES\. RbI at 355 nm\: chi''\_xxxx \: chi''\_xxyy \: chi''\_xyyx = 1 \: 0\.455 \: 0\.09, chi''\_xxxx = 2\.72 x 10^\-13 cm^3/erg \(p\. 4627; no quantity\)\. 'For the materials measured with band gaps greater than 2 hbar omega, the transmission T is practically constant to intensity up to 20 GW/cm^2' \(p\. 4627\)\. Comparisons \(p\. 4628, reproduced in notes only\)\: Mollenauer et al\.'s KCl beta = 2\.36e\-3 cm/MW; Reintjes' deuterated KDP \(2\.7 \+\- 0\.7\)e\-5 and ADP \(1\.1 \+\- 0\.3\)e\-4 cm/MW \(at 266 nm, Ref\. 30\); Frohlich and Park's values 'about a factor of 5' larger\. Breakdown \(Sec\. V, Eq\. 18\)\: a free\-electron heating estimate with tau = 5e\-16 s \(Ref\. 12\) and the fitted m\*; Fig\. 9 compares the resulting threshold fields of KDP and fused silica with experiment \(figure only\)\. Example \(p\. 4629\)\: with beta = 6e\-6 cm/MW and I = 2e12 W/cm2 the loss per 100 um is 12 %\. Eq\. \(B1\)\: B = \(8e7\) pi^2 n2\(esu\)/lambda int I dz\.

FIGURES \(not digitised\)\. Fig\. 1\: set\-ups\. Fig\. 2\: the tau\-A ratio against input intensity\. Fig\. 3\: 1/T against intensity with and without the tau\-A correction\. Fig\. 4 \(p\. 4624\)\: 1/T against peak intensity for NaBr \(beta = 2\.5e\-3 cm/MW curve\) and for a large\-gap material\. Fig\. 5\: the relative \(two\-channel\) KI\-KI test\. Fig\. 6 \(p\. 4628\)\: Keldysh gamma\_4, gamma\_3, gamma\_2 of NaCl against photon energy \(m\*/m = 1\)\. Fig\. 7\: beta against m\* and E\_g\. Fig\. 8 \(p\. 4629\)\: beta of KI, RbBr and RbI against photon energy with the Keldysh curves\. Fig\. 9\: breakdown fields of KDP and fused silica against wavelength\.

REPRODUCTIONS OF THIS PAPER\: taylor\_1988 \(the 266\-nm column, footnote b, with liu\_1979\), brimacombe\_1989, dragomir\_2002, couairon\_2005 \(Nathan et al\.'s compilation with the Liu papers\)\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__beta_355_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'KI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.47 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__critical_power_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 355 nm\: 11 kW, 266 nm\: 6 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\. KI prints 11 kW at 355 nm and 6 kW at 266 nm\: 11 x \(266/355\)^2 = 6\.2, so the values scale as lambda^2 \(P\_cr proportional to lambda^2/n2\), with one n2 for both wavelengths\.

liu\_1978/n\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__n_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.765, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.938\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RbBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RbBr",
     "material": "RbBr",
     "file": "RbBr/liu_1978__beta_355_RbBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RbBr'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 1\.0 cm\.

liu\_1978/n\_RbBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RbBr",
     "material": "RbBr",
     "file": "RbBr/liu_1978__n_RbBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.600, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.686\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RbI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RbI",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__beta_355_RbI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.15,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RbI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 1\.0 cm\.

liu\_1978/n\_RbI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RbI",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__n_RbI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.731, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.917\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RbI\_011
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RbI_011",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__beta_355_RbI_011.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.25,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RbI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[011\]', length 1\.0 cm\. Polarization along \[011\]\: 'Linear polarized light in the \[100\] and \[110\] directions show the same value of beta' \(p\. 4627\), which suggests the isotropy condition 2 chi''\_xxyy \+ chi''\_xyyx = chi''\_xxxx \(Eq\. 17\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RbI\_circular
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RbI_circular",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__beta_355_RbI_circular.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "circular",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RbI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction 'Circularly polarized', length 1\.0 cm\. Circularly polarized \(Fresnel rhomb\); smaller than the linear values\: with Eqs\. \(6\)\-\(8\) the paper derives chi''\_xxxx \: chi''\_xxyy \: chi''\_xyyx = 1 \: 0\.455 \: 0\.09 and chi''\_xxxx = 2\.72e\-13 cm^3/erg \(p\. 4627\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_ADA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_ADA",
     "material": "ADA",
     "file": "ADA/liu_1978__beta_355_ADA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'ADA^e'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.6 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_ADP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_ADP",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__beta_355_ADP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.35,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'ADP'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 2\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_ADP\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_ADP_o",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__n_ADP_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.548, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.580\.

liu\_1978/n\_ADP\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_ADP_e",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__n_ADP_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.499, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.527\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_DCDA\_perp\_z
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_DCDA_perp_z",
     "material": "DCDA",
     "file": "DCDA/liu_1978__beta_355_DCDA_perp_z.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'Deuterated CDA'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction '⊥z axis', length 1\.4 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_DCDA\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_DCDA_o",
     "material": "DCDA",
     "file": "DCDA/liu_1978__n_DCDA_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: perp\_z \(355 nm\) 1\.60, z \(355 nm\) 1\.59\. The two deuterated\-CDA rows of Table I \(E perpendicular to z, E along z\) print n\_o 1\.60 and 1\.59 and n\_e 1\.57 and 1\.57\: row labels perp\_z and z\.

liu\_1978/n\_DCDA\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_DCDA_e",
     "material": "DCDA",
     "file": "DCDA/liu_1978__n_DCDA_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: perp\_z \(355 nm\) 1\.57, z \(355 nm\) 1\.57\. The two deuterated\-CDA rows of Table I \(E perpendicular to z, E along z\) print n\_o 1\.60 and 1\.59 and n\_e 1\.57 and 1\.57\: row labels perp\_z and z\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_DCDA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_DCDA",
     "material": "DCDA",
     "file": "DCDA/liu_1978__beta_355_DCDA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'Deuterated CDA'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.4 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_CDA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_CDA",
     "material": "CDA",
     "file": "CDA/liu_1978__beta_355_CDA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.35,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'CDA'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.15 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_KDA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_KDA",
     "material": "KDA",
     "file": "KDA/liu_1978__beta_355_KDA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'KDA^f'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_KDA\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KDA_o",
     "material": "KDA",
     "file": "KDA/liu_1978__n_KDA_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.59\.

liu\_1978/n\_KDA\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KDA_e",
     "material": "KDA",
     "file": "KDA/liu_1978__n_KDA_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.54\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_DKDA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_DKDA",
     "material": "DKDA",
     "file": "DKDA/liu_1978__beta_355_DKDA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.35,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'Deuterated KDA'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_KDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_KDP",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__beta_355_KDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.35,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'KDP'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_KDP\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KDP_o",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__n_KDP_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.531, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.560\.

liu\_1978/n\_KDP\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KDP_e",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__n_KDP_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.486, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.510\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_DKDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_DKDP",
     "material": "DKDP",
     "file": "DKDP/liu_1978__beta_355_DKDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.35,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'Deuterated KDP'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_DKDP\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_DKDP_o",
     "material": "DKDP",
     "file": "DKDP/liu_1978__n_DKDP_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.53\.

liu\_1978/n\_DKDP\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_DKDP_e",
     "material": "DKDP",
     "file": "DKDP/liu_1978__n_DKDP_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.49\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RDA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RDA",
     "material": "RDA",
     "file": "RDA/liu_1978__beta_355_RDA.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RDA^g'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.25 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_RDA\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RDA_o",
     "material": "RDA",
     "file": "RDA/liu_1978__n_RDA_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.60\.

liu\_1978/n\_RDA\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RDA_e",
     "material": "RDA",
     "file": "RDA/liu_1978__n_RDA_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.55\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_RDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_RDP",
     "material": "RDP",
     "file": "RDP/liu_1978__beta_355_RDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'RDP^h'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '45° z cut', polarization direction 'z axis', length 1\.0 cm\. '45° z cut' with E along the projection of the z \(optic\) axis\: an extraordinary wave at 45 degrees to z \(with E perpendicular to z, an ordinary wave\)\. Printed without its relative uncertainty \(the systematic \+\-43 % applies\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_RDP\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RDP_o",
     "material": "RDP",
     "file": "RDP/liu_1978__n_RDP_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.53\.

liu\_1978/n\_RDP\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RDP_e",
     "material": "RDP",
     "file": "RDP/liu_1978__n_RDP_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.50\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_Al2O3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_Al2O3",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__beta_355_Al2O3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "excluded",
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'A\_2O\_3'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal 'C axis', polarization direction '', length 0\.5 cm\. Printed as an upper bound \('\<1\.6×10^{\-6}'\)\: 'For the materials with band gaps greater than 2 hbar omega, an upper limit for beta is given' \(p\. 4627\)\. Not a measured beta\.

liu\_1978/n\_Al2O3\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_Al2O3_o",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__n_Al2O3_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\) and Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.796, 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.833\.

liu\_1978/beta\_355\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_355_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__beta_355_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "excluded",
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), row 'SiO\_2 \(fused silica\)'\: beta in cm/MW\. Orientation not stated; length 0\.64 cm\. Printed as an upper bound \('\<1\.25×10^{\-6}'\)\: 'For the materials with band gaps greater than 2 hbar omega, an upper limit for beta is given' \(p\. 4627\)\. Not a measured beta\.

liu\_1978/n\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__n_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 4625\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 355 \(355 nm\) 1\.476\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_NaCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_NaCl",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__beta_266_NaCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.25,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'NaCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.74 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_NaCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_NaCl",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__critical_power_NaCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 16 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_NaCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_NaCl",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__n_NaCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.637\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_NaCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_NaCl",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__effective_mass_NaCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 5\.3 \\times 10^{\-3}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_NaCl\_011
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_NaCl_011",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__beta_266_NaCl_011.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'NaCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[011\]', length 0\.74 cm\. Polarization along \[011\]; equal to \[001\] within the uncertainty\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_NaBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_NaBr",
     "material": "NaBr",
     "file": "NaBr/liu_1978__beta_266_NaBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.15,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'NaBr'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.74 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_NaBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_NaBr",
     "material": "NaBr",
     "file": "NaBr/liu_1978__critical_power_NaBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 8 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_NaBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_NaBr",
     "material": "NaBr",
     "file": "NaBr/liu_1978__n_NaBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.803\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_NaBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_NaBr",
     "material": "NaBr",
     "file": "NaBr/liu_1978__effective_mass_NaBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 1\.03 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KCl",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__beta_266_KCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.74 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_KCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_KCl",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__critical_power_KCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 20 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_KCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KCl",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__n_KCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.571\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_KCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_KCl",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__effective_mass_KCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 2\.46 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KCl\_F\_centers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KCl_F_centers",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__beta_266_KCl_F_centers.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KCl\(F centers\)'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.74 cm\. A sample with F centres \('KCl \(F centers\)'\); 'the F centers, generated by several hundred shots \.\.\. did not influence the transmission of the crystal at the laser frequency after they had relaxed in few seconds' \(p\. 4627\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KCl\_l210
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KCl_l210",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__beta_266_KCl_l210.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 2\.10 cm\. A second, 2\.10\-cm KCl sample \(the 0\.74\-cm sample is beta\_266\_KCl\)\: the length test of Appendix B \('The coefficients showed no variation with l greater than the experimental uncertainty'\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KBr",
     "material": "KBr",
     "file": "KBr/liu_1978__beta_266_KBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KBr'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.74 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_KBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_KBr",
     "material": "KBr",
     "file": "KBr/liu_1978__critical_power_KBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 4\.5 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_KBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_KBr",
     "material": "KBr",
     "file": "KBr/liu_1978__n_KBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.76\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_KBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_KBr",
     "material": "KBr",
     "file": "KBr/liu_1978__effective_mass_KBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 1\.46 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__beta_266_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.47 cm\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__effective_mass_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 4\.8 \\times 10^{\-3}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_RbCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_RbCl",
     "material": "RbCl",
     "file": "RbCl/liu_1978__beta_266_RbCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.15,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'RbCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.60 cm\.

liu\_1978/n\_RbCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_RbCl",
     "material": "RbCl",
     "file": "RbCl/liu_1978__n_RbCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.576\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_RbCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_RbCl",
     "material": "RbCl",
     "file": "RbCl/liu_1978__effective_mass_RbCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 4\.54 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_RbCl\_l191
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_RbCl_l191",
     "material": "RbCl",
     "file": "RbCl/liu_1978__beta_266_RbCl_l191.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'RbCl'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 1\.91 cm\. A second, 1\.91\-cm RbCl sample \(the 0\.60\-cm sample is beta\_266\_RbCl\)\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_RbBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_RbBr",
     "material": "RbBr",
     "file": "RbBr/liu_1978__beta_266_RbBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'RbBr'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 1\.0 cm\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_RbBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_RbBr",
     "material": "RbBr",
     "file": "RbBr/liu_1978__effective_mass_RbBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 2\.02 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_RbI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_RbI",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__beta_266_RbI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.2,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'RbI'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 1\.0 cm\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_RbI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_RbI",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__effective_mass_RbI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 1\.15 \\times 10^{\-2}\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_CaCO3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_CaCO3",
     "material": "CaCO3",
     "file": "CaCO3/liu_1978__beta_266_CaCO3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'CaCO\_3'\: beta in cm/MW\. Orientation not stated; length 0\.43 cm\.

liu\_1978/n\_CaCO3\_o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_CaCO3_o",
     "material": "CaCO3",
     "file": "CaCO3/liu_1978__n_CaCO3_o.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the o ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.750\.

liu\_1978/n\_CaCO3\_e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_CaCO3_e",
     "material": "CaCO3",
     "file": "CaCO3/liu_1978__n_CaCO3_e.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "e"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength for the e ray; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.526\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_CaCO3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_CaCO3",
     "material": "CaCO3",
     "file": "CaCO3/liu_1978__effective_mass_CaCO3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 1\.11\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_KDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_KDP",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__beta_266_KDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'KDP'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '1\.06 \\mu \\rightarrow 0\.53 \\mucut', polarization direction '', length 0\.57 cm\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_KDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_KDP",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__critical_power_KDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 67 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_KDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_KDP",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__effective_mass_KDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 0\.72\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_ADP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_ADP",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__beta_266_ADP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'ADP'\: beta in cm/MW\. Orientation not stated; length 0\.5 cm\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_ADP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_ADP",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__effective_mass_ADP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 0\.90\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_Al2O3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_Al2O3",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__beta_266_Al2O3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'Al\_2O\_3'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal 'C axis', polarization direction '', length 0\.5 cm\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_Al2O3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_Al2O3",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__effective_mass_Al2O3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 0\.353\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_Al2O3\_perp\_c
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_Al2O3_perp_c",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__beta_266_Al2O3_perp_c.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'Al\_2O\_3'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '⊥C axis', polarization direction '', length 0\.5 cm\. Surface normal perpendicular to the c axis \(polarization not stated\); equal to the c\-axis sample's value\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__beta_266_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'SiO\_2\(fused silica\)'\: beta in cm/MW\. Orientation not stated; length 0\.64 cm\. Printed without an uncertainty; liu\_1979 \(p\. 1017\)\: 'The two\-photon absorption coefficient of fused silica at 266 nm is measured to be 1\.7 x 10^\-5 \+\- 20% cm/MW\. Previously it was reported to be on the verge of the earlier detection limit of 4\.5 x 10^\-5 cm/MW'\: this value is that detection limit, superseded by liu\_1979\. Fused silica from Amersil \(Ref\. 33\)\. Table II's m\*/m = 50 is fitted to it\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__critical_power_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 70 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__effective_mass_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 50\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_SiO2\_quartz
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_SiO2_quartz",
     "material": "SiO2_quartz",
     "file": "SiO2_quartz/liu_1978__beta_266_SiO2_quartz.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "systematic_relative": 0.43,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk",
       "axis": "o"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'SiO\_2\(Quartz\)'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal 'C axis', polarization direction '', length 1\.2 cm\. Printed without an uncertainty, the same number as fused silica, 4\.5e\-5 cm/MW, which liu\_1979 calls 'the verge of the earlier detection limit' \(for fused silica\)\: treat as a limit\. Propagation along the c axis \(ordinary ray\)\.

liu\_1978/effective\_mass\_SiO2\_quartz
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "effective_mass_SiO2_quartz",
     "material": "SiO2_quartz",
     "file": "SiO2_quartz/liu_1978__effective_mass_SiO2_quartz.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "effective_mass",
     "unit": "m_e",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "carrier": "reduced",
       "wavelength_nm": 266
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column m\*/m \(footnote e\: 'the ratio of the effective mass fitted with the Keldysh formula to the observed value of beta and the mass of the free electron'\), printed 50\: the reduced electron\-hole mass of Eq\. \(4\) fitted to this row's 266\-nm beta with its E\_g and n \(formula keldysh\_gamma\_n\); 'm\* in the Keldysh theory is largely a measure for the average strength of the dipole matrix element' \(p\. 4628\), not a transport mass\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_LiF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_LiF",
     "material": "LiF",
     "file": "LiF/liu_1978__beta_266_LiF.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "excluded",
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'LiF'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.47 cm\. Printed as an upper bound \('\<2 \\times 10^{\-5}'\)\: 'For the materials with band gaps greater than 2 hbar omega, an upper limit for beta is given' \(p\. 4627\)\. Not a measured beta\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_LiF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_LiF",
     "material": "LiF",
     "file": "LiF/liu_1978__critical_power_LiF.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 73 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/n\_LiF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n_LiF",
     "material": "LiF",
     "file": "LiF/liu_1978__n_LiF.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "refractive_index",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "index_medium": "not stated",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), column n \(footnote a\: 'refractive index n \[is\] given whenever available'\)\: the index at the laser wavelength; its source is not given\. Rows\: 266 \(266 nm\) 1\.415\.

liu\_1978/beta\_266\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "beta_266_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/liu_1978__beta_266_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "two_photon_absorption_coefficient",
     "unit": "cm/MW",
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "excluded",
     "parameters": {
       "technique": "energy transmission against peak intensity of single 30-ps pulses, fitted with Eq. (10) (tau-A normalisation)",
       "pulse_fs": 30000,
       "polarization": "linear",
       "form": "bulk"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 4626\), row 'CaF\_2'\: beta in cm/MW\. Surface normal '\[100\]', polarization direction '\[001\]', length 0\.47 cm\. Printed as an upper bound \('\<2 \\times 10^{\-5}'\)\: 'For the materials with band gaps greater than 2 hbar omega, an upper limit for beta is given' \(p\. 4627\)\. Not a measured beta\.

liu\_1978/critical\_power\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "critical_power_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/liu_1978__critical_power_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "critical_power",
     "unit": "W",
     "scale": 1000.0,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "definition": "not stated (footnote a: self-focusing critical power)"
     }
   }

Column P\_cr in kW \(scale 1e3 to W; footnote a\: 'self\-focusing critical power P\_cr \.\.\. given whenever available'\), 266 nm\: 60 kW\. How it was obtained is not stated; Appendix B uses n2 measured at 1\.06 um by Smith, Bechtel and Bloembergen \(Ref\. 12\) and warns that the ultraviolet n2 may differ, so these are presumably calculated from those n2 \(not a measurement here\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_KI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_KI",
     "material": "KI",
     "file": "KI/liu_1978__band_gap_KI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_RbBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_RbBr",
     "material": "RbBr",
     "file": "RbBr/liu_1978__band_gap_RbBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_RbI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_RbI",
     "material": "RbI",
     "file": "RbI/liu_1978__band_gap_RbI.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_ADP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_ADP",
     "material": "ADP",
     "file": "ADP/liu_1978__band_gap_ADP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_KDP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_KDP",
     "material": "KDP",
     "file": "KDP/liu_1978__band_gap_KDP.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_Al2O3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_Al2O3",
     "material": "Al2O3",
     "file": "Al2O3/liu_1978__band_gap_Al2O3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_SiO2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_SiO2",
     "material": "SiO2",
     "file": "SiO2/liu_1978__band_gap_SiO2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_16c90fa7a1af",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_NaCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_NaCl",
     "material": "NaCl",
     "file": "NaCl/liu_1978__band_gap_NaCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_NaBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_NaBr",
     "material": "NaBr",
     "file": "NaBr/liu_1978__band_gap_NaBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_KCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_KCl",
     "material": "KCl",
     "file": "KCl/liu_1978__band_gap_KCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_KBr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_KBr",
     "material": "KBr",
     "file": "KBr/liu_1978__band_gap_KBr.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_RbCl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_RbCl",
     "material": "RbCl",
     "file": "RbCl/liu_1978__band_gap_RbCl.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_CaCO3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_CaCO3",
     "material": "CaCO3",
     "file": "CaCO3/liu_1978__band_gap_CaCO3.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_SiO2\_quartz
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_SiO2_quartz",
     "material": "SiO2_quartz",
     "file": "SiO2_quartz/liu_1978__band_gap_SiO2_quartz.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_LiF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_LiF",
     "material": "LiF",
     "file": "LiF/liu_1978__band_gap_LiF.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

liu\_1978/band\_gap\_CaF2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "band_gap_CaF2",
     "material": "CaF2",
     "file": "CaF2/liu_1978__band_gap_CaF2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_c0af8ebd30c9",
     "quantity": "band_gap",
     "unit": "eV",
     "abscissa": "none",
     "use": "check",
     "parameters": {
       "kind": "not stated"
     }
   }

Column E\_g \(footnote a\: 'Energy band gap E\_g \.\.\. given whenever available'\), without a source or method; the input of the Keldysh fits \(Sec\. V\)\. Printed the same in both tables where both list the material \(checked by the script\)\.

Formulas
--------

liu\_1978/keldysh\_gamma\_n
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "keldysh_gamma_n",
     "equation": "Eqs. (3)-(4), p. 4621",
     "printed": "\\gamma_N = \\frac{2}{9\\pi} N \\hbar \\omega^2 \\left(\\frac{8\\pi}{n_0}\\right)^N \\left(\\frac{m^* \\omega}{\\hbar}\\right)^{3/2} \\Phi\\left[\\left(2N - 2\\frac{\\Delta}{\\hbar\\omega}\\right)^{1/2}\\right] \\exp\\left[2N\\left(1 - \\frac{e^2 E^2}{4 m^* \\omega^2 E_g}\\right)\\right] \\left(\\frac{e^2}{16 m^* \\omega^2 E_g}\\right)^N, \\quad \\Delta = E_g + e^2 E^2/4 m^* \\omega^2",
     "variable": "Gaussian units: omega the laser angular frequency, E_g the band gap, m* the reduced electron-hole mass, n0 the index, E the peak field; Phi(z) = exp(-z^2) int_0^z exp(y^2) dy (Dawson); gamma_2 = beta",
     "range": "the multiphoton (high-frequency) limit of Keldysh's rate for parabolic bands; N the smallest integer with N hbar omega > E_g",
     "coefficients": {
       "prefactor": "2/(9 pi)",
       "field_factor": "8 pi/n0",
       "exponent": "2N"
     },
     "check": "Weak field (Delta = E_g), N = 2, 266 nm, Table II's E_g, m*/m and n (computed 2026-09-27): as printed, beta is c^2 (8.99e20) times Table II's; with (8 pi/(n0 c))^N it reproduces NaCl 3.52e-3 (printed 3.5e-3), KCl 1.71e-3 (1.7e-3), KBr 2.01e-3 (2.0e-3), KI 3.76e-3 (3.75e-3), RbCl 1.025e-3 (1.02e-3), RbBr 2.19e-3 (2.18e-3), RbI 2.50e-3 (2.49e-3), CaCO3 2.41e-4 (2.4e-4), Al2O3 2.71e-4 (2.7e-4); KDP 2.87e-4 (2.7e-4), ADP 2.59e-4 (2.4e-4), NaBr 1.46e-3 (2.5e-3), fused silica 2.94e-5 (4.5e-5)."
   }

Eq\. \(3\), the rate per unit volume W, has the same structure with \<Delta/hbar omega \+ 1\> for N\. The printed \(8 pi/n0\)^N lacks the 1/c^N that converts E^2 to intensity \(I = n0 c E^2/8 pi, Eq\. A5\); the check shows the fitted masses were computed with it\. liu\_1979 prints the same formula \(its Eq\. 3\) with exp\[2N\(2 \- Delta/E\_g\)\] in place of exp\[2N\(1 \- e^2E^2/4m\*omega^2E\_g\)\] \(equal to first order in E^2\) and the same \(8 pi/n0\)^N\.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.