li_1989 ======= X\. F\. Li, A\. L'Huillier, M\. Ferray, L\. A\. Lompré and G\. Mainfray, "Multiple\-harmonic generation in rare gases at high laser intensity", Phys\. Rev\. A 39, 5751 \(1989\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1103/PhysRevA\.39\.5751 `__ **Source kind:** measurement **Recorded technique:** Harmonic generation in a pulsed rare\-gas jet \(Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, He; 15 Torr, about 5 x 10^17 cm^\-3, 1 mm wide, 0\.5 mm from the nozzle\) by a mode\-locked Nd\:YAG laser \(1064 nm, 36 ps 'bandwidth limited' pulses, up to 1 GW, 10 Hz, linearly polarised\) focused by a 200 mm lens \(R = 18 um, b = 4\.2 mm\); the intensity calibrated against the saturation intensities of singly charged ions measured earlier with the same apparatus \(Ref\. 12\); the VUV analysed by a grazing\-incidence toroidal\-grating monochromator \(10\-350 nm\) and detected by photomultipliers or an electron multiplier, with manufacturers' spectral efficiencies \('of the order of a factor of 5' relative uncertainty between frequencies\)\. Third\- and fifth\-order susceptibilities from the low\-intensity yields through the lowest\-order perturbative propagation formula \(Eq\. 7\) with a computed phase\-matching factor, normalised to Lehmeier et al\.'s Xe THG value\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar, He, Kr, Ne, Xe **Dataset quantities:** hyperpolarizability, saturation\_intensity **Contents:** 9 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- Phys\. Rev\. A 39\(11\), 5751\-5761 \(1 June 1989\) = PDF pages 1\-11 \(journal page = PDF page \+ 5750\); a scan with a text layer\. Identity checked against the first page \(journal, volume, number, date, title, authors\)\. Every cell taken was checked against the table images \(2026\-10\-09\)\. WHAT IS TAKEN \(tools/extract/li\_1989\.py\)\. \(1\) Table I \(p\. 5752\), 'Saturation intensities for the rare gases \(Ref\. 12\)\. The experimental uncertainty is \+\-50 %'\: Xe 1\.2 x 10^13, Kr 2\.5 x 10^13, Ar 3 x 10^13, Ne 1\.9 x 10^14, He 2\.8 x 10^14 W cm^\-2, at 1064 nm with the 36 ps pulses\: 'The saturation intensity, at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity, is determined by studying the laser intensity dependence of the number of singly charged ions' \(p\. 5752\)\. The values are those of Ref\. 12 \(A\. L'Huillier, L\. A\. Lompré, G\. Mainfray and C\. Manus, J\. Phys\. B 16, 1363 \(1983\); not in the library\), whose note here says 'The saturation intensities for He and Ne had been overestimated by a factor of 2'\: He and Ne are revised, the others reproduced\. They also calibrate this paper's intensities\. use = check, reproduced\_from Ref\. 12\. \(2\) Table II \(p\. 5754\), chi^\(3\) \(esu\), Kr, Ar, Ne and He\: the third\-harmonic susceptibilities 'extracted from the experimental results and normalized to chi\_0^\(3\) in Xe\. They are given within \+\-50 %'; from the third\-harmonic yields at low intensity \(slope 3 \+\- 0\.1, Fig\. 8\), Delta k\_3 of Table II and the phase\-matching factor of a Lorentzian jet \(Fig\. 2b\), through Eq\. \(7\) \(p\. 5757\)\. The definition is Eq\. \(2\), P\_q = N chi^\(q\) E\_1^q / 2^\(q\-1\); the caption\: Lehmeier et al\.'s values were 'multiplied \.\.\. by a factor of 4, to be consistent with our definition', so chi^\(3\) here is 4 x Lehmeier's gamma\(3\) = Ward's per\-atom chi \(lehmeier\_1985 Table 2 note b\)\: convention ward\_1969\. Per atom, electronic \(atoms, THG\)\. Xe's chi^\(3\) is chi\_0^\(3\) by the normalisation and is not taken; the others are measured relative to it \(the absolute scale is Lehmeier's Xe at 1\.055 um\)\. use = check\. CHECKED \(the script\)\. Table II's chi\_0^\(3\) row \(Lehmeier's values times 4\) against lehmeier\_1985's own esu values \(gamma\_thg\_esu\_\, 10^\-39 esu\) times 4\: 6\.88, 2\.336, 0\.856, 0\.0656, 0\.03656 x 10^\-37 against the printed 6\.9\[\-37\], 2\.3\[\-37\], 8\.6\[\-38\], 6\.5\[\-39\], 3\.6\[\-39\]; Ne and He are truncated, not rounded \(6\.56 and 3\.656 printed 6\.5 and 3\.6\), within one unit of the last figure\. Against those, this paper's chi^\(3\) is 0\.98 \(Kr\), 1\.07 \(Ar\), 0\.70 \(Ne\) and 0\.63 \(He\) times Lehmeier's, inside the stated \+\-50 %\. NOT TAKEN\. \(1\) Table II's chi\_0^\(3\) row\: lehmeier\_1985's values times 4, reproduced \(lehmeier\_1985 holds them\)\. \(2\) chi^\(5\) \(Table II\: Xe 8 x 10^\-48, Kr 1\.4 x 10^\-49, Ar 2\.1 x 10^\-50, Ne 4\.6 x 10^\-51 esu\) and Ar's chi^\(7\) = 2 x 10^\-60 esu \(p\. 5758\)\: no quantity holds a fifth\- or seventh\-order susceptibility\. \(3\) Delta k\_3 and Delta k\_5 \(Table II, cm^\-1, at 15 Torr, 'deduced from experimentally measured refractive indices', Leonard's compilation, Ref\. 22\)\: a mismatch at one density from others' indices; phase\_mismatch\_per\_density would need it divided by a density the paper gives only roughly \(N = 5 x 10^17\)\. Xe's Delta k\_3 prints '2\.\[\-1\]' \(image\) and '2\[\-1\]' \(CSV\)\. \(4\) The harmonic distributions \(Figs\. 4\-7\), intensity and pressure dependences \(Figs\. 8\-11\), the emission spectra \(Figs\. 12, 13\), raster\: yields in arbitrary or estimated units \(conversion efficiencies 10^\-8 \(Xe\) and 10^\-10 \(Ar\) for the third harmonic at 10^13 W cm^\-2, 10^\-11 and 10^\-13 for Ar's 25th and 33rd; p\. 5760\), not quantities; the slopes \(7\.2 \+\- 0\.5 for Ar's 7th, 8\.2 \+\- 0\.5 and 12 \+\- 1 for the 21st and 33rd\) are not quantities\. FURTHER DATA CITED, NOT IN THE LIBRARY\: Ref\. 12 \(above\); J\. F\. Ward and G\. H\. C\. New, Phys\. Rev\. 185, 57 \(1969\) \(printed 'Phys\. Rev\. A 185'\); G\. C\. Bjorklund, IEEE J\. Quantum Electron\. QE\-11, 287 \(1975\); A\. Lago, G\. Hilber and R\. Wallenstein, Phys\. Rev\. A 36, 3827 \(1987\)\. In the library\: lehmeier\_1985 \(Ref\. 29\), Leonard 1974 \(Ref\. 22, Leonard\_1974\_RefractiveIndicesVerdet\)\. No two\-photon data\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- li\_1989/isat\_Xe ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Xe", "material": "Xe", "file": "Xe/li_1989__isat_Xe.csv", "table": "tbl_8884f312bffe", "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "reproduced_from": [ "A. L'Huillier, L. A. Lompré, G. Mainfray and C. Manus, J. Phys. B 16, 1363 (1983)" ], "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 1064, "pulse_fs": 36000, "pulse_fs_definition": "'36-psec-length bandwidth limited pulse' (p. 5751); the width's definition is not stated", "polarization": "linear", "definition": "the peak intensity 'at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity', from the intensity dependence of the singly charged ion yield (p. 5752)" } } Table I \(p\. 5752\)\: I\_s at 1064 nm, 36 ps, from Ref\. 12, as Ref\. 12 gives it\. The paper's \+\-50 % is relative; its level is not stated\. li\_1989/isat\_Kr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Kr", "material": "Kr", "file": "Kr/li_1989__isat_Kr.csv", "table": "tbl_8884f312bffe", "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "reproduced_from": [ "A. L'Huillier, L. A. Lompré, G. Mainfray and C. Manus, J. Phys. B 16, 1363 (1983)" ], "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 1064, "pulse_fs": 36000, "pulse_fs_definition": "'36-psec-length bandwidth limited pulse' (p. 5751); the width's definition is not stated", "polarization": "linear", "definition": "the peak intensity 'at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity', from the intensity dependence of the singly charged ion yield (p. 5752)" } } Table I \(p\. 5752\)\: I\_s at 1064 nm, 36 ps, from Ref\. 12, as Ref\. 12 gives it\. The paper's \+\-50 % is relative; its level is not stated\. li\_1989/isat\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/li_1989__isat_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_8884f312bffe", "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "reproduced_from": [ "A. L'Huillier, L. A. Lompré, G. Mainfray and C. Manus, J. Phys. B 16, 1363 (1983)" ], "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 1064, "pulse_fs": 36000, "pulse_fs_definition": "'36-psec-length bandwidth limited pulse' (p. 5751); the width's definition is not stated", "polarization": "linear", "definition": "the peak intensity 'at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity', from the intensity dependence of the singly charged ion yield (p. 5752)" } } Table I \(p\. 5752\)\: I\_s at 1064 nm, 36 ps, from Ref\. 12, as Ref\. 12 gives it\. The paper's \+\-50 % is relative; its level is not stated\. li\_1989/isat\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/li_1989__isat_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_8884f312bffe", "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "reproduced_from": [ "A. L'Huillier, L. A. Lompré, G. Mainfray and C. Manus, J. Phys. B 16, 1363 (1983)" ], "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 1064, "pulse_fs": 36000, "pulse_fs_definition": "'36-psec-length bandwidth limited pulse' (p. 5751); the width's definition is not stated", "polarization": "linear", "definition": "the peak intensity 'at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity', from the intensity dependence of the singly charged ion yield (p. 5752)" } } Table I \(p\. 5752\)\: I\_s at 1064 nm, 36 ps, from Ref\. 12, revised here by the factor of 2 by which Ref\. 12 'overestimated' it \(Ref\. 12's note\)\. The paper's \+\-50 % is relative; its level is not stated\. li\_1989/isat\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "isat_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/li_1989__isat_He.csv", "table": "tbl_8884f312bffe", "quantity": "saturation_intensity", "unit": "W/cm2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "reproduced_from": [ "A. L'Huillier, L. A. Lompré, G. Mainfray and C. Manus, J. Phys. B 16, 1363 (1983)" ], "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "wavelength_nm": 1064, "pulse_fs": 36000, "pulse_fs_definition": "'36-psec-length bandwidth limited pulse' (p. 5751); the width's definition is not stated", "polarization": "linear", "definition": "the peak intensity 'at which the ionization probability becomes equal to unity', from the intensity dependence of the singly charged ion yield (p. 5752)" } } Table I \(p\. 5752\)\: I\_s at 1064 nm, 36 ps, from Ref\. 12, revised here by the factor of 2 by which Ref\. 12 'overestimated' it \(Ref\. 12's note\)\. The paper's \+\-50 % is relative; its level is not stated\. li\_1989/chi3\_thg\_Kr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "chi3_thg_Kr", "material": "Kr", "file": "Kr/li_1989__chi3_thg_Kr.csv", "table": "tbl_c24350e35014", "quantity": "hyperpolarizability", "unit": "esu", "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "process": "thg", "convention": "ward_1969", "part": "electronic", "reference_material": "Xe" } } Table II \(p\. 5754\), row chi^\(3\) \(the library CSV labels it chi\_0^\(3\)\)\: the third\-harmonic susceptibility per atom from this paper's THG yields at 1\.064 um, 15 Torr, normalised to Lehmeier et al\.'s Xe value \(record notes\)\. '\+\-50 %' \(caption\), level not stated\. li\_1989/chi3\_thg\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "chi3_thg_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/li_1989__chi3_thg_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_c24350e35014", "quantity": "hyperpolarizability", "unit": "esu", "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "process": "thg", "convention": "ward_1969", "part": "electronic", "reference_material": "Xe" } } Table II \(p\. 5754\), row chi^\(3\) \(the library CSV labels it chi\_0^\(3\)\)\: the third\-harmonic susceptibility per atom from this paper's THG yields at 1\.064 um, 15 Torr, normalised to Lehmeier et al\.'s Xe value \(record notes\)\. '\+\-50 %' \(caption\), level not stated\. li\_1989/chi3\_thg\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "chi3_thg_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/li_1989__chi3_thg_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_c24350e35014", "quantity": "hyperpolarizability", "unit": "esu", "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "process": "thg", "convention": "ward_1969", "part": "electronic", "reference_material": "Xe" } } Table II \(p\. 5754\), row chi^\(3\) \(the library CSV labels it chi\_0^\(3\)\)\: the third\-harmonic susceptibility per atom from this paper's THG yields at 1\.064 um, 15 Torr, normalised to Lehmeier et al\.'s Xe value \(record notes\)\. '\+\-50 %' \(caption\), level not stated\. li\_1989/chi3\_thg\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "chi3_thg_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/li_1989__chi3_thg_He.csv", "table": "tbl_c24350e35014", "quantity": "hyperpolarizability", "unit": "esu", "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 0.5, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "process": "thg", "convention": "ward_1969", "part": "electronic", "reference_material": "Xe" } } Table II \(p\. 5754\), row chi^\(3\) \(the library CSV labels it chi\_0^\(3\)\)\: the third\-harmonic susceptibility per atom from this paper's THG yields at 1\.064 um, 15 Torr, normalised to Lehmeier et al\.'s Xe value \(record notes\)\. '\+\-50 %' \(caption\), level not stated\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.