kroll_1990
==========

S\. Kröll and W\. K\. Bischel, "Two\-photon absorption and photoionization cross\-section measurements in the 5p5 6p configuration of xenon", Phys\. Rev\. A 41, 1340 \(1990\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/kroll_1990.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1103/PhysRevA\.41\.1340 <https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.41.1340>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Two\-photon cross sections \(Sec\. II A\)\: two\-photon\-excited fluorescence of xenon at 10\-20 Pa \('Nonradiative decay \(quenching\) is not more than 1%'\), the 5p5 6p \-\> 5p5 6s infrared fluorescence \(828, 823 and 905 nm, with branching ratios 0\.998, 0\.70 and 0\.36 from refs\. 18, 19\) on a photomultiplier, the detection efficiency calibrated by spontaneous Raman scattering in H2 at the same wavelengths \(ref\. 17\), single\-shot signal against pulse energy \(slope 1\.01 against E^2, Fig\. 1\), with measured spatial and temporal beam profiles \(Eqs\. 1, 2, following Bamford, Jusinski and Bischel, ref\. 16\)\. Light\: a Nd\:YAG\-pumped dye laser \(R6G, about 557\-573 nm\), frequency\-doubled and Raman\-shifted in H2 \(the first anti\-Stokes line\), the vertically polarised part selected by a Pellin\-Broca prism; 50\-100 uJ through a 1 mm aperture\. The laser was scanned over each line \(Gaussian, 30 GHz FWHM two\-photon width, a laser width of about 20 GHz\) and the line\-centre value integrated over the line \(Eq\. 4\)\. Excited\-state photoionisation \(Sec\. II B\)\: fluorescence depletion spectroscopy, the ratio of the 2p5 or 2p6 fluorescence after and before an excimer\-laser pulse \(193 or 248 nm\) against its fluence, I\(F\) = I\(0\) exp\(\-sigma\_ion F\) \(Eq\. 5\), single shots, the fluence from the energy through a 200 um pinhole; corrected by about 10 % for the ionising beam's non\-uniform fluence \(r1/r0 \<= 0\.5, Sec\. III A\)\.

**Materials in structured entries:** Xe

**Dataset quantities:** excited\_state\_photoionization\_cross\_section, two\_photon\_excitation\_cross\_section

**Contents:** 4 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Phys\. Rev\. A 41\(3\), 1340\-1349 \(1 February 1990\) = PDF pages 3\-12 of Lund University's repository copy \(a cover and a licence page first; journal page = PDF page \+ 1337\); a scan with a text layer\. Identity checked against the first page of the article \(journal, volume, pages, authors\)\. Every number taken was checked against the table images and the rendered pages \(Table I p\. 1346, Table II p\. 1347\)\.

LEVELS \(Paschen notation, as the paper uses; jl notation from p\. 1340\)\: 2p5 = 5p5 6p \[1/2\]0 \(J = 0\) at 80 119 cm\-1, 2p6 = 6p\[3/2\]2 \(J = 2\) at 79 212 cm\-1, 2p9 = 6p\[5/2\]2 \(J = 2\) at 78 120 cm\-1; excited at 249\.6 nm \(Sec\. V and the abstract\), and '250, 252, and 256 nm' \(p\. 1341\)\. The two\-photon datasets' abscissa is the level \(a label\)\.

WHAT IS TAKEN \(tools/extract/kroll\_1990\.py\)\. Table I's two 'This work' rows\: \(1\) the measured product sigma\_tot G2\(0\), 7\.0, 2\.4, 4\.0 x 10^\-35 cm4 for 2p5, 2p6, 2p9\: 'The two\-photon cross section as expressed in Eq\. \(1\) is strictly the product of the actual two\-photon absorption cross section and G2\(0\)' \(p\. 1346\); \(2\) sigma\_tot, 5\.0, 1\.7, 2\.9 x 10^\-35 cm4, the same divided by G2\(0\) = 1\.4, a value 'previously determined' for the second anti\-Stokes line of the same laser system \(ref\. 27\: D\. J\. Bamford, A\. P\. Hickman, M\. J\. Dyer and W\. K\. Bischel, J\. Opt\. Soc\. Am\. B 5, 1369 \(1988\)\) and assumed for the first; 'an educated guess might be that this quantity actually is slightly higher for the first than for the second anti\-Stokes component\. However, no conclusive evidence exists at present' \(p\. 1346\)\. DECISION\: both are kept, because the measurement is the product and the correction rests on an assumed G2\(0\) whose uncertainty is not stated; the corrected values are the cross section proper and are primary, the product is a check \(it carries the same measurement and must not be used beside them\)\. The uncertainty, '30%' \(50 % for 2p9\), is 'one standard deviation based on 15 independent measurements for the 2p5 and 2p6 states and seven independent measurements for the 2p9 state' \(p\. 1346\); for sigma\_tot it does not include G2\(0\)\. Table II's measured photoionisation cross sections \(10^\-18 cm2\)\: 2p5, 4\.3 \+\- 0\.7 \(248 nm\) and 1\.9 \+\- 0\.7 \(193 nm\); 2p6, 3\.7 \+\- 0\.7 and 1\.8 \+\- 0\.5; the level of the \+\- is not stated\.

CHECKED \(the script\)\. sigma\_tot G2\(0\) / 1\.4 rounds to every printed sigma\_tot\. Sec\. V \(p\. 1347\) uses 'two\-photon absorption cross section sigma^\(2\) = 4\.0 x 10^\-45 cm4 s, and Doppler width 0\.086 cm\-1' for 2p5\: 7\.0e\-35 cm4 times the peak of a Gaussian of 0\.086 cm\-1 FWHM normalised in angular frequency, 2 sqrt\(ln 2 / pi\) / \(2 pi c x 0\.086 cm\-1\) = 5\.80e\-11 s, is 4\.06e\-45 cm4 s; with sigma\_tot \(5\.0\) it would be 2\.9e\-45\. So Sec\. V's fractional\-ionisation estimate \(Fig\. 8\) uses the as\-measured product, and Eq\. \(4\)'s integral is over the angular frequency of the two\-photon transition \('omega\_0 is the two\-photon radial frequency', p\. 1342; the 0\.086 cm\-1 is xenon's Doppler width at 80 119 cm\-1 and 295 K, 0\.0860\)\: frequency\_variable = angular\. The ratio of the 2p5 and 2p6 values is 2\.9 \('~3', p\. 1347\)\.

NOT TAKEN\. Table I's other experiments, as sigma\_tot G2\(0\)\: ref\. 10 \(C\. H\. Chen, G\. S\. Hurst and M\. G\. Payne, Chem\. Phys\. Lett\. 75, 473 \(1980\)\), 6\.1 for 2p5; ref\. 8 \(W\. Gornik, S\. Kindt, E\. Matthias and D\. Schmidt, J\. Chem\. Phys\. 75, 68 \(1981\)\), 6\.8, 0\.74, 3\.7, 'Factor of 3'; ref\. 9 \(T\. D\. Raymond, N\. Bowering, C\.\-Y\. Kuo and J\. W\. Keto, Phys\. Rev\. A 29, 721 \(1984\)\), 2\.7, 0\.28, 1\.3, '50%'\. The paper does not say how they were brought to its definition \(frequency variable, G2\(0\)\), so the quantity's required parameters cannot be stated for them; none is in the library\. The theory of ref\. 12 \(M\. S\. Pindzola, M\. G\. Payne and W\. R\. Garrett, Phys\. Rev\. A 24, 3115 \(1981\)\), a range '4\-13' for 2p5 \(Dirac\-Fock, 'correct within a factor of 3\-5'\)\. Table II's theory\: ref\. 13 \(M\. S\. Pindzola, Phys\. Rev\. A 23, 201 \(1981\)\), Hartree\-Fock velocity to Dirac\-Fock length ranges 1\.3\-3\.0 \(248 nm\) and 0\.7\-1\.8 \(193 nm\) for 2p5; ref\. 14 \(T\. N\. Chang and Y\. S\. Kim, Phys\. Rev\. A 26, 2728 \(1982\)\), 3\.7 and 1\.8, an average over the 5p5 6p configuration; printed centred across both states' columns; ranges and averages, not in the library\. The 2p5/2p6 ratio of '5 \+\- 2' from consecutive measurements only \(p\. 1347\), kept in the notes\. Figs\. 1\-8 \(illustrations and model curves\)\.

FINDINGS\. dakka\_2018 \(Table I, 'Literature'\) compares its Kr sigma\_0^\(2\) with this paper's 2p6 value as 2\.4 \+\- 0\.8 x 10^\-35 cm4\: the as\-measured product, not the G2\-corrected 1\.7\. drag\_2021 \(Table 1\) quotes the corrected values, 5\.0, 1\.7 and 2\.9 x 10^\-43 m4 \(\+\-30, 30, 50 %\), correctly converted \(10^\-35 cm4 = 10^\-43 m4\)\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

kroll\_1990/sigma\_tot\_g2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "sigma_tot_g2",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/kroll_1990__sigma_tot_g2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_3fbaf4afd365",
     "quantity": "two_photon_excitation_cross_section",
     "unit": "cm4",
     "scale": 1e-35,
     "abscissa": "label",
     "use": "check",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "relative_rows": {
         "2p9": 0.5
       },
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "frequency_variable": "angular",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "photon_statistics": "as measured: the product sigma_tot G2(0), G2(0) of the first anti-Stokes beam of an H2 Raman shifter (not measured)",
       "method": "two-photon-excited fluorescence, detection calibrated by H2 Raman scattering",
       "definition": "sigma_tot = integral of the line-centre cross section sigma^(2)(omega - omega_0) d omega (Eq. 4), omega_0 the two-photon angular frequency, the line-centre value from Eq. (1); W = sigma^(2) Phi^2",
       "levels": "2p5 = 5p5 6p[1/2]0 (J = 0), 2p6 = 6p[3/2]2 (J = 2), 2p9 = 6p[5/2]2 (J = 2)"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 1346\), upper part, 'This work'\: sigma\_tot G2\(0\), the measured product \(Eq\. 1 integrated over the line, Eq\. 4\)\. Rows\: 2p5 \(6p\[1/2\]0, 249\.6 nm\), 2p6 \(6p\[3/2\]2, 252 nm\), 2p9 \(6p\[5/2\]2, 256 nm\)\. A check\: sigma\_tot \(primary\) is this divided by an assumed G2\(0\) = 1\.4\. Uncertainty 30 % \(2p9\: 50 %\), one standard deviation of 15 \(2p9\: 7\) independent measurements\.

kroll\_1990/sigma\_tot
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "sigma_tot",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/kroll_1990__sigma_tot.csv",
     "table": "tbl_3fbaf4afd365",
     "quantity": "two_photon_excitation_cross_section",
     "unit": "cm4",
     "scale": 1e-35,
     "abscissa": "label",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "relative": 0.3,
       "relative_rows": {
         "2p9": 0.5
       },
       "level": "1 sigma"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "frequency_variable": "angular",
       "polarization": "linear",
       "photon_statistics": "corrected, G2(0) = 1.4 assumed (measured for the second anti-Stokes line of the same laser, ref. 27; the light used is the first)",
       "method": "two-photon-excited fluorescence, detection calibrated by H2 Raman scattering",
       "definition": "sigma_tot = integral of the line-centre cross section sigma^(2)(omega - omega_0) d omega (Eq. 4), omega_0 the two-photon angular frequency, the line-centre value from Eq. (1) divided by G2(0); W = sigma^(2) Phi^2",
       "levels": "2p5 = 5p5 6p[1/2]0 (J = 0), 2p6 = 6p[3/2]2 (J = 2), 2p9 = 6p[5/2]2 (J = 2)"
     }
   }

Table I \(p\. 1346\), lower part, 'This work'\: sigma\_tot, 'assuming G2\(0\) = 1\.4' \(note c\), the as\-measured product divided by 1\.4 \(checked\)\. Rows\: 2p5 \(6p\[1/2\]0, 249\.6 nm\), 2p6 \(6p\[3/2\]2, 252 nm\), 2p9 \(6p\[5/2\]2, 256 nm\)\. The table gives no uncertainty for this part; the measurement's 30 % \(2p9\: 50 %, one standard deviation\) is recorded, without the unstated uncertainty of the assumed G2\(0\)\.

kroll\_1990/photoionization\_2p5
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "photoionization_2p5",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/kroll_1990__photoionization_2p5.csv",
     "table": "tbl_0a9507c3ebd9",
     "quantity": "excited_state_photoionization_cross_section",
     "unit": "cm2",
     "scale": 1e-18,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "initial_level": "2p5 (Paschen) = 5p5 6p[1/2]0, J = 0, two-photon excited from the ground state with linearly polarised light",
       "method": "fluorescence depletion spectroscopy"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 1347\), 'Experiment \(This work\)', 2p5 columns at 248 and 193 nm \(KrF and ArF excimer lasers; the wavelengths as printed, to 1 nm\)\. Fluorescence depletion, corrected by about 10 % for the non\-uniform ionising fluence \(Sec\. III A\)\. The \+\- is printed without a level\.

kroll\_1990/photoionization\_2p6
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "photoionization_2p6",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/kroll_1990__photoionization_2p6.csv",
     "table": "tbl_0a9507c3ebd9",
     "quantity": "excited_state_photoionization_cross_section",
     "unit": "cm2",
     "scale": 1e-18,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "initial_level": "2p6 (Paschen) = 5p5 6p[3/2]2, J = 2, two-photon excited from the ground state with linearly polarised light (a single magnetic sublevel, p. 1344)",
       "method": "fluorescence depletion spectroscopy"
     }
   }

Table II \(p\. 1347\), 'Experiment \(This work\)', 2p6 columns at 248 and 193 nm \(KrF and ArF excimer lasers; the wavelengths as printed, to 1 nm\)\. Fluorescence depletion \(Fig\. 5 shows a 193 nm run giving 1\.7e\-18 cm2\), corrected by about 10 % for the non\-uniform ionising fluence \(Sec\. III A\)\. The \+\- is printed without a level\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

No dataset errata are recorded in this source record.

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.