gaiser_2018 =========== C\. Gaiser and B\. Fellmuth, Phys\. Rev\. Lett\. 120, 123203 \(2018\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1103/physrevlett\.120\.123203 `__ **Source kind:** measurement **Recorded technique:** Dielectric\-constant gas thermometry \(DCGT\) at PTB, at the triple point of water \(isotherm temperatures 273\.149\-273\.161 K, Table II\)\: the relative capacitance change gamma of a gas\-filled 10 pF capacitor measured against pressure, scaled to mu = gamma/\(gamma \+ 3\) and fitted by p = A\_1 \(mu \+ A\_2 mu^2 \+ A\_3 mu^3 \+ \.\.\.\) \(Eq\. \(1\)\), with A\_1 = \(A\_eps/\(RT\) \+ kappa\_eff/3\)^\-1 \(Eq\. \(2\)\); kappa\_eff the independently determined effective compressibility of the capacitor\. Two setups\: DCGTk, three tungsten\-carbide capacitors TC1\-TC3 and pressure balances up to 7 MPa; DCGT2, two copper\-beryllium capacitors C1, C2 up to 0\.3 MPa; 8 to 10 isotherms per capacitor; autotransformer ratio bridge \(pp\. 1\-2\)\. A\_eps/R converted to A\_eps with the CODATA 2017 k and N\_A \(the values fixed by the 2019 SI\) \(p\. 3\)\. Very low measuring frequency\: the static polarizability\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar, He, Ne **Dataset quantities:** molar\_refractivity **Contents:** 16 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- The molar polarizability A\_eps = N\_A alpha\_0 / \(3 eps0\), the package's molar refractivity \(cm3/mol\) at zero frequency\. It is the ELECTRIC polarizability only \(dielectric constant\)\: for the refractive index the magnetic susceptibility must be added \(see lesiuk\_2020, lesiuk\_2023\)\. A density\-independent quantity\: the virial terms are in A\_2, A\_3, which the paper does not report\. Uncertainty\: Table I gives the budgets in ppm of A\_eps/R per capacitor \('Sum', the root sum of squares\) and of the weighted means, 1\.7/1\.9/1\.8 ppm without and 1\.9/2\.4/2\.4 ppm \(He/Ne/Ar\) with the correlations between capacitors and setups; the Table III uncertainties are standard uncertainties \(caption\) and equal the correlated ones \(He 10/5172544 = 1\.9 ppm, Ne 2\.4, Ar 2\.4 ppm; checked 2026\-09\-25\)\. Consistency \(checked 2026\-09\-25\)\: Table II's weighted means A\_eps/R = 6\.221140\(12\), 11\.96363\(28\), 49\.80100\(12\) x 10^\-8 m^3 K/J times R = k N\_A \(8\.31446261815324 J/\(mol K\)\) give 0\.51725436, 0\.99471154, 4\.14068553 cm^3/mol, Table III's values to 0\.15 ppm\. In atomic units \(3 A\_eps/\(4 pi N\_A a0^3\), CODATA 2018\)\: He 1\.3837616, Ne 2\.6610571, Ar 11\.0771845; Lesiuk et al\. quote Ne 2\.661057\(7\) \(2020\) and Ar 11\.077183\(27\) \(2023\)\. The isotope effect is negligible except for neon \(0\.08 ppm from the natural\-composition spread, p\. 3\)\. Table III compares literature values \(plotted in Fig\. 2\), extracted as reproduced datasets\. The text adds\: the Ne theory value 0\.99503\(75\) is Klopper et al\.'s CCSD with relativistic corrections benchmarked on Larsen et al\.'s FCI, 2\.6617\(20\) a\.u\. \(details in gaiser\_2010\); the Ar theory value 4\.140\(11\) is Lupinetti and Thakkar's nonrelativistic 11\.065\(3\) a\.u\. \(bounds turned into a standard uncertainty with a rectangular distribution\) plus a relativistic correction \+0\.01\(1\) a\.u\. from three calculations \(Refs\. \[20\-22\]\), 11\.075\(30\) a\.u\. \(p\. 4\)\. Orcutt and Cole's values in Table III are their low\-pressure data without the compressibility correction \(p\. 4\)\. The reference list prints Orcutt and Cole's volume as '446' \(for 46\); not a data issue\. Not extracted\: Table I \(budgets; the per\-capacitor sums are used as uncertainties of per\_capacitor\), Table II's T, kappa\_eff and A\_1 rows \(inputs\), and the weighted\-mean A\_eps/R row \(restated in Table III as A\_eps\)\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- gaiser\_2018/molar\_polarizability\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "molar_polarizability_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__molar_polarizability_He.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'This work'\: A\_eps = 0\.5172544\(10\) cm^3/mol, static, the correlated weighted mean of TC1\-TC3 \(standard uncertainty 1\.9 ppm\)\. gaiser\_2018/molar\_polarizability\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "molar_polarizability_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/gaiser_2018__molar_polarizability_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'This work'\: A\_eps = 0\.9947114\(24\) cm^3/mol, static, the correlated weighted mean of TC2, TC3, C1, C2 \(standard uncertainty 2\.4 ppm\)\. Supersedes gaiser\_2010 \(0\.994727\(11\); 1\.6e\-5 higher, within the expanded combined uncertainties, p\. 4\)\. gaiser\_2018/molar\_polarizability\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "molar_polarizability_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/gaiser_2018__molar_polarizability_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'This work'\: A\_eps = 4\.140686\(10\) cm^3/mol, static, the correlated weighted mean of TC2, TC3, C1, C2 \(standard uncertainty 2\.4 ppm\)\. gaiser\_2018/per\_capacitor\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "per_capacitor_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__per_capacitor_He.csv", "table": "tbl_ec04560e1d2e", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "scale": 0.0831446261815324, "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 4e-06, "level": "1 sigma", "relative_rows": { "TC1": 4e-06, "TC2": 2.4e-06, "TC3": 2.9e-06 } } } Table II\: A\_eps/R x 10^8 \(m^3 K/J\) per capacitor \(rows TC1\-TC3\), whose correlated weighted mean is molar\_polarizability\_He\: a check, not fitted beside it\. scale = 1e\-8 x R x 1e6 with R = k N\_A = 8\.31446261815324 J/\(mol K\) \(the CODATA values the paper uses, exact in the 2019 SI\) turns A\_eps/R into A\_eps in cm^3/mol\. Per\-row relative standard uncertainties are Table I's 'Sum' \(ppm\); the mu, T, p and p\_head components are fully correlated between capacitors\. relative = 4\.0e\-6 is the largest row, a fallback\. gaiser\_2018/per\_capacitor\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "per_capacitor_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/gaiser_2018__per_capacitor_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_ec04560e1d2e", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "scale": 0.0831446261815324, "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 1.22e-05, "level": "1 sigma", "relative_rows": { "TC2": 2.8e-06, "TC3": 2.8e-06, "C1": 1.02e-05, "C2": 1.22e-05 } } } Table II\: A\_eps/R x 10^8 \(m^3 K/J\) per capacitor \(rows TC2, TC3, C1, C2\), whose correlated weighted mean is molar\_polarizability\_Ne\: a check\. scale as for per\_capacitor\_He\. Per\-row relative standard uncertainties from Table I 'Sum'; relative = 12\.2e\-6 is the largest row, a fallback\. gaiser\_2018/per\_capacitor\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "per_capacitor_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/gaiser_2018__per_capacitor_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_ec04560e1d2e", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "scale": 0.0831446261815324, "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "check", "uncertainty": { "relative": 1.28e-05, "level": "1 sigma", "relative_rows": { "TC2": 2.5e-06, "TC3": 2.6e-06, "C1": 1.28e-05, "C2": 1.11e-05 } } } Table II\: A\_eps/R x 10^8 \(m^3 K/J\) per capacitor \(rows TC2, TC3, C1, C2\), whose correlated weighted mean is molar\_polarizability\_Ar\: a check\. scale as for per\_capacitor\_He\. Per\-row relative standard uncertainties from Table I 'Sum'; relative = 12\.8e\-6 is the largest row, a fallback\. gaiser\_2018/orcutt\_1967\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "orcutt_1967_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__orcutt_1967_He.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "orcutt_1967" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[16\]\: 0\.51740\(70\) cm^3/mol, Orcutt and Cole's low\-pressure value without the compressibility correction \(p\. 4\); dielectric constant\. gaiser\_2018/buckley\_2000\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "buckley_2000_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__buckley_2000_He.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "T. J. Buckley, J. Hamelin, and M. R. Moldover, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 2914 (2000)" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[17\]\: 0\.51747\(20\) cm^3/mol, dielectric constant with capacitors, 'uncertainties of 100 ppm for Ar and 400 ppm for He' \(p\. 4\)\. The original is not in the library\. gaiser\_2018/schmidt\_2007\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "schmidt_2007_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__schmidt_2007_He.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "schmidt_2007" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[3\]\: 0\.5172535\(47\) cm^3/mol, microwave technique \(p\. 4\)\. gaiser\_2018/piszczatowski\_2015\_He ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "piszczatowski_2015_He", "material": "He", "file": "He/gaiser_2018__piszczatowski_2015_He.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "piszczatowski_2015", "puchalski_2016" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Theory' \[1,2\]\: 0\.517254079\(52\) cm^3/mol, ab initio with relativistic and QED corrections \(Piszczatowski et al\. 2015; Puchalski et al\. 2016\)\. gaiser\_2018/orcutt\_1967\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "orcutt_1967_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/gaiser_2018__orcutt_1967_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "orcutt_1967" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[16\]\: 0\.99360\(80\) cm^3/mol, low\-pressure value without the compressibility correction \(p\. 4\)\. gaiser\_2018/gaiser\_2010\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "gaiser_2010_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/gaiser_2018__gaiser_2010_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "gaiser_2010" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[10\]\: 0\.994727\(11\) cm^3/mol, DCGT1 \(p\. 4\); the same as gaiser\_2010's 9\.94727 x 10^\-7 m^3/mol\. gaiser\_2018/klopper\_2004\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "klopper_2004_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/gaiser_2018__klopper_2004_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "W. Klopper, S. Coriani, T. Helgaker, and P. Jørgensen, J. Phys. B 37, 3753 (2004)", "H. Larsen, J. Olsen, C. Hättig, P. Jørgensen, O. Christiansen, and J. Gauss, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 1917 (1999)" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Theory' \[18,19\]\: 0\.99503\(75\) cm^3/mol, coupled\-cluster with relativistic corrections and an FCI benchmark, 2\.6617\(20\) a\.u\. \(p\. 4\)\. The originals are not in the library\. gaiser\_2018/orcutt\_1967\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "orcutt_1967_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/gaiser_2018__orcutt_1967_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "orcutt_1967" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[16\]\: 4\.1400\(20\) cm^3/mol, low\-pressure value without the compressibility correction \(p\. 4\)\. gaiser\_2018/buckley\_2000\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "buckley_2000_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/gaiser_2018__buckley_2000_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "T. J. Buckley, J. Hamelin, and M. R. Moldover, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 2914 (2000)" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Experiment' \[17\]\: 4\.14078\(39\) cm^3/mol \(p\. 4\)\. The original is not in the library\. gaiser\_2018/lupinetti\_2005\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "lupinetti_2005_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/gaiser_2018__lupinetti_2005_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_a15621c7c166", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "C. Lupinetti and A. J. Thakkar, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 044301 (2005)" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "1 sigma" } } Table III 'Theory' \[15\]\: 4\.140\(11\) cm^3/mol = 11\.075\(30\) a\.u\.\: Lupinetti and Thakkar's nonrelativistic 11\.065\(3\) plus a relativistic \+0\.01\(1\) a\.u\. assembled by Gaiser and Fellmuth from Refs\. \[20\-22\] \(p\. 4\), so partly the authors' own estimate\. The original is not in the library\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.