buckingham_1974 =============== A\. D\. Buckingham and C\. Graham, "The density dependence of the refractivity of gases", Proc\. R\. Soc\. London A 337, 275 \(1974\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1098/rspa\.1974\.0049 `__ **Source kind:** measurement **Recorded technique:** Differential \(double\-decompression\) polarization interferometry\: a Dyson\-type polarization interferometer with a Spectra\-Physics He\-Ne laser \(lambda\_0 = 633\.0 nm in vacuo\), a reference cell and two matched sample cells \(EN 58B stainless\-steel tubes 43 cm long, i\.d\. 1\.16 cm, double traverse\); gas at about 5 x 10^5 Pa \(SF6 2\.5 x 10^5 Pa\) in one sample cell is expanded into the other, then the remaining half into the evacuated first \(Eqs\. 16\-19\); the rotation of the analyser nulls the phase change to better than 1e\-4 fringe; cell distortion corrected \(Eqs\. 23\-26, Table 2\)\. A\_n from fringe counting on filling \(Eq\. 27\) with the pressure from a mercury manometer \(\+\-40 Pa\) and densities from Dymond and Smith's second virial coefficients \(Eq\. 29\)\. Water jacket about 299 K \(\+\-0\.05 K\) \(pp\. 280\-286\)\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar, CH4, CO2, N2, Ne, SF6 **Dataset quantities:** molar\_refractivity, refractivity\_virial\_coefficient **Contents:** 20 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- Identity\: VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS \(a JSTOR reprint; pdf page 1 is the JSTOR cover, pdf page 2 the first page\: Proc\. R\. Soc\. Lond\. A 337, 275 \(1974\), received 10 August 1973\)\. Page numbers are journal pages \(pdf page \+ 273\)\. CITATION NOTE\: the volume is 337 \(No\. 1609, 19 March 1974\), as the library, vukovic\_1996 and the JSTOR cover print; st\_arnaud\_1979, burns\_1986, achtermann\_1991 and hohm\_1990 cite it as 'Proc\. R\. Soc\. A 336, 275'\. DEFINITIONS \(Eqs\. 3, 11, 13\-15\)\: R\_m = \(n^2 \- 1\)/\(n^2 \+ 2\)/rho = A\_R \+ B\_R rho \+ \.\.\., \(n \- 1\)/rho = A\_n \+ B\_n rho \+ \.\.\.; A\_R = 2A\_n/3, B\_R = 2B\_n/3 \- A\_n^2/9\. Units\: 10^6 A\_R in m^3/mol = cm^3/mol, 10^12 B\_R in m^6/mol^2 = cm^6/mol^2 \(Table 5's B\_R header prints 'm^6 mol^\-3', a misprint; the uncertainty columns print mol^\-2\)\. B\_R \(Table 5, p\. 288\)\: 'An estimated uncertainty in B\_R is quoted in addition to the standard deviation \.\.\. the sum of three uncertainties, namely the standard deviation, the variation in B\_R for \+\-30 % error in the correction for cell distortion, and an uncertainty \+\-B\_Delta in B\_R due to drift' \(p\. 286\)\: taken as sigma \(level not stated; a sum, so conservative\)\. Adsorption could add up to 3\.5 % of the CO2 phase change \(p\. 284\)\. Mean temperatures 299\-300 K\. The classical Silberstein\-Kirkwood B\_F \(Eq\. 35, Lennard\-Jones parameters from Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) agrees 'for Ar and CH4, but poor for the other gases' \(p\. 289\)\. A\_R IS HIGH\: the Table 5 A\_R lie 0\.10\-0\.40 % above the curated dispersion at 633\.0 nm \(fit/\ default models, computed 2026\-09\-25\)\: Ne 1\.003 / 1\.0003, Ar 4\.207 / 4\.1957, N2 4\.460 / 4\.4461, CO2 6\.650 / 6\.6432, CH4 6\.600 / 6\.5740, SF6 11\.34 / 11\.3216 cm^3/mol, all positive and beyond the stated worst case \('\+\-0\.2 % \.\.\. in the most unfavourable case, namely SF6', p\. 286\) for Ne, Ar, N2 and CH4\. A\_R was a by\-product \(mercury manometer, virial densities\); the A\_R datasets are excluded, the B\_R kept\. The Landolt\-Bornstein literature A\_R of Table 5 \(Ne 1\.002, Ar 4\.196, N2 4\.458, CO2 6\.647, CH4 6\.537 and 6\.576, SF6 11\.409\) state no wavelength and are not extracted\. TABLE 1 \(the literature before this work, p\. 278\)\: the curated rows at infinite wavelength \(dielectric A\_eps and B\_eps\: He, Ne, Ar, Kr of Orcutt and Cole 1967 and their Ar values of 1965 and Johnston et al\. 1960\) and CO2 at 546\.1 nm \(Phillips 1920 via Orcutt and Cole\) are orcutt\_1967's values, identical \(checked 2026\-09\-25\), and are not extracted again; Bose and Cole's \(1970\) argon A\_eps = 4\.1397\(6\), B\_eps = 0\.72\(12\) at 322\.9 K are extracted as reproduced\. Rows over 447\.1\-667\.8 nm \(Michels and Botzen, Michels et al\., Michels and Hamers; Ar, N2, CO2\) have no single wavelength and are not extracted \(as in orcutt\_1967\)\. Non\-curated gases skipped\. TABLE 4 \(representative single double\-decompression runs, B\_R Ne \-0\.03, Ar 2\.11, N2 1\.01, CO2 3\.8, CH4 7\.14, SF6 30\.6\) is not extracted\: Table 5 is the summary\. REPRODUCTIONS OF THIS PAPER in the curated set\: st\_arnaud\_1976 and st\_arnaud\_1979 \(Table 5 values with the 'estimated uncertainty'\), and, under the citation string with volume 336, burns\_1986, achtermann\_1991, hohm\_1990 and vukovic\_1996 \(volume 337\)\: their reproduced\_from can now name buckingham\_1974\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/buckingham_1974__A_R_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 1\.003 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.27 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(1\.0003\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/buckingham_1974__B_R_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 300.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 300 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_Ne ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_Ne", "material": "Ne", "file": "Ne/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_Ne.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 300.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/buckingham_1974__A_R_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 4\.207 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.27 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(4\.1957\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/buckingham_1974__B_R_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 299 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/buckingham_1974__A_R_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 4\.460 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.31 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(4\.4461\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/buckingham_1974__B_R_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 299 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_CO2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_CO2", "material": "CO2", "file": "CO2/buckingham_1974__A_R_CO2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 6\.650 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.10 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(6\.6432\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_CO2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_CO2", "material": "CO2", "file": "CO2/buckingham_1974__B_R_CO2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 299 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_CO2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_CO2", "material": "CO2", "file": "CO2/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_CO2.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_CH4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_CH4", "material": "CH4", "file": "CH4/buckingham_1974__A_R_CH4.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 6\.600 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.40 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(6\.5740\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_CH4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_CH4", "material": "CH4", "file": "CH4/buckingham_1974__B_R_CH4.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 299 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_CH4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_CH4", "material": "CH4", "file": "CH4/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_CH4.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_R\_SF6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_R_SF6", "material": "SF6", "file": "SF6/buckingham_1974__A_R_SF6.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "excluded" } Table 5, 10^6 A\_R = 11\.34 m^3/mol at 633\.0 nm \(He\-Ne, in vacuo\), about 299 K\. EXCLUDED\: 0\.16 % above the curated value at 633\.0 nm \(11\.3216\), one of six systematically high A\_R \(source notes\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_R\_SF6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_R_SF6", "material": "SF6", "file": "SF6/buckingham_1974__B_R_SF6.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "primary", "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "not stated" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5, 10^12 B\_R \(m^6/mol^2\) at 633\.0 nm, mean temperature 299 K, from the double\-decompression B\_n through Eq\. \(14\); sigma is the table's 'estimated uncertainty' \(standard deviation \+ distortion\-correction \+ drift terms, summed\)\. buckingham\_1974/B\_F\_theory\_SF6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_F_theory_SF6", "material": "SF6", "file": "SF6/buckingham_1974__B_F_theory_SF6.csv", "table": "tbl_0cfd7fe493cd", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "check", "parameters": { "temperature_k": 299.0 } } Table 5 'calculated B\_F'\: the classical fluctuation \(dipole\-induced dipole\) term of Eq\. \(35\) with the Lennard\-Jones potential \(Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird\) and the measured A\_R; filed at the measurement wavelength\. A check\. buckingham\_1974/A\_eps\_bose\_cole\_1970\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "A_eps_bose_cole_1970_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/buckingham_1974__A_eps_bose_cole_1970_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_8d9922d080a7", "quantity": "molar_refractivity", "unit": "cm3/mol", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "bose_1970", "H. G. Sutter, Specialist Periodical Reports, in Dielectric and related molecular processes (ed. M. Davies), p. 65 (Chemical Society, London, 1972)" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "3 sigma" } } Table 1, 'Bose & Cole 1970; Sutter 1972', 322\.9 K, infinite wavelength, in parentheses\: the dielectric \(static\) A\_eps of argon, 4\.1397\(6\) cm^3/mol\: bose\_1970's Table II value at 49\.7 degrees C, 4\.1397 \+\- 0\.0006, digit for digit \(re\-pointed 2026\-09\-27; Sutter 1972 is not in the library\)\. The original's errors are three standard deviations\: level corrected to '3 sigma'\. buckingham\_1974/B\_eps\_bose\_cole\_1970\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "B_eps_bose_cole_1970_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/buckingham_1974__B_eps_bose_cole_1970_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_8d9922d080a7", "quantity": "refractivity_virial_coefficient", "unit": "cm6/mol2", "abscissa_unit": "nm", "wavelength_medium": "vacuum", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "bose_1970" ], "uncertainty": { "column": true, "level": "3 sigma" }, "parameters": { "temperature_k": 322.9 } } Table 1, 'Bose & Cole 1970; Sutter 1972', 322\.9 K\: the second dielectric virial coefficient B\_eps of argon, 0\.72\(12\) cm^6/mol^2 \(for a monatomic gas equal to the static B\_R, p\. 277\)\: bose\_1970's 0\.72 \+\- 0\.12 at 49\.7 degrees C, digit for digit \(re\-pointed 2026\-09\-27\)\. The original's errors are three standard deviations\: level corrected to '3 sigma'\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.