borzsonyi_2010
==============

A\. Borzsonyi, Z\. Heiner, A\. P\. Kovacs, M\. P\. Kalashnikov and K\. Osvay, "Measurement of pressure dependent nonlinear refractive index of inert gases", Opt\. Express 18, 25847 \(2010\)

`Source record <https://github.com/LupoLab/optmat/blob/main/src/optmat/data/sources/borzsonyi_2010.toml>`__ · :doc:`Catalogue </the-data/sources>` · :doc:`Review register </register>`

DOI: `10\.1364/OE\.18\.025847 <https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.025847>`__

**Source kind:** measurement

**Recorded technique:** Spectrally and spatially resolved interferometry \(SSRI\)\: a Mach\-Zehnder interferometer inside a ~9\-m vacuum tube filled with the gas \(0\.05 mbar to 1020 mbar\), 800\-nm pulses of 40\-nm bandwidth left stretched to 200 fs \(at least 8 times the transform limit, so that the spectral shape of the nonlinear phase follows the spectrum\), \< 1 mJ, 2\-mm super\-Gaussian beam; the sample arm carries 10 times the intensity of the reference arm, both attenuated to equal intensity before leaving the tube; the spectral phase difference gives n2 through Eq\. \(4\); nine interferograms per pressure, five pressures per decade, up and down \(pp\. 25849\-25852\)\.

**Materials in structured entries:** Ar, N2, Ne, Xe

**Dataset quantities:** nonlinear\_index

**Contents:** 8 datasets; 0 formulas.

Curation notes
--------------

Journal pages 25847\-25854 = PDF pages 1\-8\. Identity checked against the first page\. Ar, Ne, Xe, N2 \(air, a Table 1 column, is not curated\)\.

DEFINITIONS \(p\. 25850\)\: Eqs\. \(2\)\-\(3\) phi\_S = \(omega/c\)\[\(n^Med \+ n2^Med int I\_S d omega\) l\_S,Med \+ \(n^Obj \+ n2^Obj int I\_S d omega\) l\_Obj\], phi\_R likewise; Eq\. \(4\), p\. 25851\: Delta phi\(y, omega\) = \(omega/c\)\(n2 \[int I\_S d omega l\_tube \- int I\_R d omega \(l\_tube \- l\_corr\)\] \- \(n^air \- n\) l\_corr\), l\_corr = 47 cm; n^air from borzsonyi\_2008\. A single pulse's own intensity changes its phase\: n2 is the SELF coefficient, and 'the total value of n2 experienced by a laser pulse' \('the collective contribution of all possible laser induced elementary processes in the gases', pp\. 25848, 25853\)\: part 'total' for the 200\-fs pulses\.

TABLE 1 \(p\. 25853; CSV and image checked; tools/extract/borzsonyi\_2010\.py\)\: 'Pressure dependent n2 \[x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar\]'\: Ar 19\.4 \+\- 1\.9, Ne 1\.8 \+\- 1\.5, Xe 84\.3 \+\- 42\.0, N2 6\.7 \+\- 2\.0 \(air 5\.7 \+\- 2\.5\)\. 'The measurements were carried out at an ambient temperature of 20 C' \(p\. 25851\); 'within the conditions of 1000 mbar and 293 K, except for xenon with a peak pressure of 100 mbar' \(p\. 25853\)\. The dependence on pressure is linear \(Fig\. 5\)\. The error is larger than expected; the likely reason, the imperfect match of the spectral phase to the spectrum \(p\. 25853\)\. Level not stated\.

HEADER MISPRINT \(erratum, 2026\-09\-26\)\: the measured row's header reads 'x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar'\. Read so, Ar 19\.4, Ne 1\.8 and Xe 84\.3 \(x 1e\-19\) lie 2\.4, 2\.1 and 1\.5 times above the largest literature value the same table prints in the same unit \(Ar 7\.96, Ne 0\.85, Xe 54\.8; N2's 6\.7 lies within 1\.36\-12\.7\), and 8\-20 times above the ESHG\-based gamma of the fits here \(TC\-314\), although the text says 'the measured n2 values at 1 bar pressure are in agreement with the measured and theoretically deducted values from earlier works' \(p\. 25853\)\. Read as x 10^\-20, Ar 1\.94 and Ne 0\.18 lie within the table's literature ranges, Xe 8\.4 and N2 0\.67 below them \(0\.75 and 0\.5 times the smallest\), and the values are 0\.8\-2 times the fits'\. The measured rows carry a scale erratum 1e\-19 \-\> 1e\-20 \(the literature row keeps its printed 1e\-19\); the evidence is circumstantial \(the text's claim, and the physical implausibility of an order of magnitude\), not a statement by the authors\. Even so, Ar and Ne are about twice the other groups' electronic n2; the stated errors are 10\-80 %\.

LITERATURE ROW \('Values from the literature at 1 bar', reproduced; wavelengths and states as the paper gives none\: wavelength not stated, 1 bar as the table heads it\)\: Ar 0\.98 \[16\], 7\.96 \[17\], 2\.0 \[24\], 7\.3 \[32\], 1\.74 \[19, 44\]; Ne 0\.85 \[17\], 0\.14 \[19, 44\]; Xe 54\.8 \[17\], 11\.15 \[19, 44\]; N2 4\.52 \[16\], 2\.2 \[24\], 12\.7 \[32\], 1\.36 \[19\]\. \[16\] = nibbering\_1997 \(its Table 2 n2,total, itself from hellwarth\_1990\: 0\.980, 4\.52 x 1e\-23 m2/W\); \[17\] = C\. Bree, A\. Demircan and G\. Steinmeyer, IEEE J\. Quantum Electron\. 46, 433 \(2010\) \(Keldysh / Kramers\-Kronig theory, not in the library\); \[19\] = shelton\_1990; \[24\] = loriot\_2009 \(the original article, before the erratum halved its values\: Ar 2\.0, N2 2\.2\); \[32\] = Y\.\-H\. Chen, S\. Varma, I\. Alexeev and H\. M\. Milchberg, Opt\. Express 15, 7458 \(2007\) \(not in the library\); \[44\] = A\. Couairon, H\. S\. Chakraborty and M\. B\. Gaarde, PRA 77, 053814 \(2008\) \(not in the library\)\. How Shelton's gammas became these n2 is not stated\. B\-integral at 1000 mbar\: Ar 0\.121, N2 0\.042, Ne 0\.011 rad, Xe 0\.053 at 100 mbar \(p\. 25853\)\.

**Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents.

Datasets
--------

borzsonyi\_2010/n2\_Ar
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_Ar",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/borzsonyi_2010__n2_Ar.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "total",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Pressure dependent n2 \[x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar\]' \(slope of n2 against pressure, per bar\), 800 nm, 200\-fs chirped pulses, 293 K \(stated\)\. Self coefficient, total response\. See the source notes' doubt on the size\.

borzsonyi\_2010/literature\_Ar
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "literature_Ar",
     "material": "Ar",
     "file": "Ar/borzsonyi_2010__literature_Ar.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nibbering_1997",
       "C. Bree, A. Demircan and G. Steinmeyer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 433 (2010)",
       "loriot_2009",
       "Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, I. Alexeev and H. M. Milchberg, Opt. Express 15, 7458 (2007)",
       "shelton_1990",
       "A. Couairon, H. S. Chakraborty and M. B. Gaarde, Phys. Rev. A 77, 053814 (2008)"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Values from the literature at 1 bar', one row per value, the row id naming the reference number\(s\) \(source notes\)\. Wavelength not stated; the state is the table's 1 bar\: the paper gives neither for these values; mixed parts \(theory, electronic, total\)\. Not for fitting\.

borzsonyi\_2010/n2\_Ne
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_Ne",
     "material": "Ne",
     "file": "Ne/borzsonyi_2010__n2_Ne.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "total",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Pressure dependent n2 \[x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar\]' \(slope of n2 against pressure, per bar\), 800 nm, 200\-fs chirped pulses, 293 K \(stated\)\. Self coefficient, total response\. The error is 83 % of the value\. See the source notes' doubt on the size\.

borzsonyi\_2010/literature\_Ne
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "literature_Ne",
     "material": "Ne",
     "file": "Ne/borzsonyi_2010__literature_Ne.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nibbering_1997",
       "C. Bree, A. Demircan and G. Steinmeyer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 433 (2010)",
       "loriot_2009",
       "Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, I. Alexeev and H. M. Milchberg, Opt. Express 15, 7458 (2007)",
       "shelton_1990",
       "A. Couairon, H. S. Chakraborty and M. B. Gaarde, Phys. Rev. A 77, 053814 (2008)"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Values from the literature at 1 bar', one row per value, the row id naming the reference number\(s\) \(source notes\)\. Wavelength not stated; the state is the table's 1 bar\: the paper gives neither for these values; mixed parts \(theory, electronic, total\)\. Not for fitting\.

borzsonyi\_2010/n2\_Xe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_Xe",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/borzsonyi_2010__n2_Xe.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "total",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Pressure dependent n2 \[x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar\]' \(slope of n2 against pressure, per bar\), 800 nm, 200\-fs chirped pulses, 293 K \(stated\)\. Self coefficient, total response\. Measured up to 100 mbar only \(p\. 25853\); the error is 50 %\. See the source notes' doubt on the size\.

borzsonyi\_2010/literature\_Xe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "literature_Xe",
     "material": "Xe",
     "file": "Xe/borzsonyi_2010__literature_Xe.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nibbering_1997",
       "C. Bree, A. Demircan and G. Steinmeyer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 433 (2010)",
       "loriot_2009",
       "Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, I. Alexeev and H. M. Milchberg, Opt. Express 15, 7458 (2007)",
       "shelton_1990",
       "A. Couairon, H. S. Chakraborty and M. B. Gaarde, Phys. Rev. A 77, 053814 (2008)"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Values from the literature at 1 bar', one row per value, the row id naming the reference number\(s\) \(source notes\)\. Wavelength not stated; the state is the table's 1 bar\: the paper gives neither for these values; mixed parts \(theory, electronic, total\)\. Not for fitting\.

borzsonyi\_2010/n2\_N2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "n2_N2",
     "material": "N2",
     "file": "N2/borzsonyi_2010__n2_N2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "primary",
     "uncertainty": {
       "column": true,
       "level": "not stated"
     },
     "parameters": {
       "part": "total",
       "coefficient": "self",
       "pulse_fs": 200
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Pressure dependent n2 \[x 10^\-19 cm2/W at 1bar\]' \(slope of n2 against pressure, per bar\), 800 nm, 200\-fs chirped pulses, 293 K \(stated\)\. Self coefficient, total response\. Includes the rotational response \(200\-fs pulses\)\. See the source notes' doubt on the size\.

borzsonyi\_2010/literature\_N2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: text

   {
     "id": "literature_N2",
     "material": "N2",
     "file": "N2/borzsonyi_2010__literature_N2.csv",
     "table": "tbl_7c2c2d4e525c",
     "quantity": "nonlinear_index",
     "unit": "cm2/W",
     "scale": 1e-19,
     "abscissa_unit": "nm",
     "state": {
       "pressure_pa": 100000.0,
       "temperature_k": 293.0
     },
     "use": "reproduced",
     "reproduced_from": [
       "nibbering_1997",
       "C. Bree, A. Demircan and G. Steinmeyer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 433 (2010)",
       "loriot_2009",
       "Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, I. Alexeev and H. M. Milchberg, Opt. Express 15, 7458 (2007)",
       "shelton_1990",
       "A. Couairon, H. S. Chakraborty and M. B. Gaarde, Phys. Rev. A 77, 053814 (2008)"
     ],
     "parameters": {
       "part": "unknown",
       "coefficient": "self"
     }
   }

Table 1, 'Values from the literature at 1 bar', one row per value, the row id naming the reference number\(s\) \(source notes\)\. Wavelength not stated; the state is the table's 1 bar\: the paper gives neither for these values; mixed parts \(theory, electronic, total\)\. Not for fitting\.

Formulas
--------

No formulas are recorded.

Corrections
-----------

.. code-block:: text

   [
     {
       "dataset": "n2_Ar",
       "row": "",
       "column": "scale",
       "printed": "1e-19",
       "corrected": "1e-20",
       "reason": "Table 1's measured row is headed x 10^-19 cm2/W, which puts Ar, Ne and Xe 1.5-2.4 times above the largest literature value the same table prints in that unit and all four 8-20 times above the ESHG-based gamma (TC-314); read as x 10^-20 they are 0.8-2 times it and agree with the literature as the text states.",
       "evidence": "Circumstantial: p. 25853, 'the measured n2 values at 1 bar pressure are in agreement with the measured and theoretically deducted values from earlier works'; Table 1's literature row (same unit): Ar 0.98-7.96, Ne 0.14-0.85, Xe 11.15-54.8, N2 1.36-12.7. Not stated by the authors. Checked 2026-09-26 against the library's table and text."
     },
     {
       "dataset": "n2_Ne",
       "row": "",
       "column": "scale",
       "printed": "1e-19",
       "corrected": "1e-20",
       "reason": "Table 1's measured row is headed x 10^-19 cm2/W, which puts Ar, Ne and Xe 1.5-2.4 times above the largest literature value the same table prints in that unit and all four 8-20 times above the ESHG-based gamma (TC-314); read as x 10^-20 they are 0.8-2 times it and agree with the literature as the text states.",
       "evidence": "Circumstantial: p. 25853, 'the measured n2 values at 1 bar pressure are in agreement with the measured and theoretically deducted values from earlier works'; Table 1's literature row (same unit): Ar 0.98-7.96, Ne 0.14-0.85, Xe 11.15-54.8, N2 1.36-12.7. Not stated by the authors. Checked 2026-09-26 against the library's table and text."
     },
     {
       "dataset": "n2_Xe",
       "row": "",
       "column": "scale",
       "printed": "1e-19",
       "corrected": "1e-20",
       "reason": "Table 1's measured row is headed x 10^-19 cm2/W, which puts Ar, Ne and Xe 1.5-2.4 times above the largest literature value the same table prints in that unit and all four 8-20 times above the ESHG-based gamma (TC-314); read as x 10^-20 they are 0.8-2 times it and agree with the literature as the text states.",
       "evidence": "Circumstantial: p. 25853, 'the measured n2 values at 1 bar pressure are in agreement with the measured and theoretically deducted values from earlier works'; Table 1's literature row (same unit): Ar 0.98-7.96, Ne 0.14-0.85, Xe 11.15-54.8, N2 1.36-12.7. Not stated by the authors. Checked 2026-09-26 against the library's table and text."
     },
     {
       "dataset": "n2_N2",
       "row": "",
       "column": "scale",
       "printed": "1e-19",
       "corrected": "1e-20",
       "reason": "Table 1's measured row is headed x 10^-19 cm2/W, which puts Ar, Ne and Xe 1.5-2.4 times above the largest literature value the same table prints in that unit and all four 8-20 times above the ESHG-based gamma (TC-314); read as x 10^-20 they are 0.8-2 times it and agree with the literature as the text states.",
       "evidence": "Circumstantial: p. 25853, 'the measured n2 values at 1 bar pressure are in agreement with the measured and theoretically deducted values from earlier works'; Table 1's literature row (same unit): Ar 0.98-7.96, Ne 0.14-0.85, Xe 11.15-54.8, N2 1.36-12.7. Not stated by the authors. Checked 2026-09-26 against the library's table and text."
     }
   ]

Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register </register>` for the checks and decisions.