beetar_2020 =========== J\. E\. Beetar, M\. Nrisimhamurty, T\.\-C\. Truong, G\. C\. Nagar, Y\. Liu, J\. Nesper, O\. Suarez, F\. Rivas, Y\. Wu, B\. Shim and M\. Chini, Sci\. Adv\. 6, eabb5375 \(2020\) `Source record `__ · :doc:`Catalogue ` · :doc:`Review register ` DOI: `10\.1126/sciadv\.abb5375 `__ **Source kind:** theory **Recorded technique:** Hollow\-core\-fibre \(3\.5 m, 500 um\) spectral broadening and compression of 280 fs, 1025 nm Yb\:KGW pulses \(up to 400 uJ\) in Ar, N2 and N2O at 1\-6\.5 bar, modelled with a density\-matrix rotational\-alignment response plus the electronic Kerr term \(supplement Eqs\. S1\-S5\) and with a multimode nonlinear envelope equation using an instantaneous\-plus\-damped\-oscillator Kerr response \(Eq\. S6\), PPT/MPI ionisation and plasma \(Eq\. S7\)\. **Materials in structured entries:** Ar, N2, N2O **Dataset quantities:** nonlinear\_index, polarizability\_anisotropy **Contents:** 7 datasets; 0 formulas. Curation notes -------------- Only the supplement \(supplement\_01, Table S1, split by the library into tbl\_d1e82e48818a and tbl\_696db144fb76; JSON cells equal to the images\) holds values; all are simulation inputs\. Conventions \(supplement p\. 2\-4\)\: Delta n\_i = n2 I\(t\) \(instantaneous electronic Kerr, self coefficient\); rotational Delta n\_d\(t\) = \(2 pi N / n0\) Delta alpha \(\\_t \- 1/3\) \(Eq\. S1, Gaussian units\), \ from first\-order density\-matrix theory \(Eqs\. S2\-S4\) with rotational constant B, dephasing gamma and spin weights D\_even, D\_odd; total phase Delta phi = \(2 pi L\_eff / lambda\)\(Delta n\_i \+ Delta n\_d\) \(Eq\. S5\); in the propagation code Delta n = n2 \(1 \- xi\) I\(t\) \+ n2 xi int R\(t \- tau\) I\(tau\) dtau with R = R0 exp\(\-Gamma t\) sin\(w\_R t\), R0 = \(Gamma^2 \+ w\_R^2\)/w\_R \(Eq\. S6\), so that the n2 of Eq\. \(S6\) is the long\-pulse \(adiabatic\) total index\. Sources \(supplement p\. 3\)\: 'The electronic Kerr nonlinear coefficients n2 for Ar, N2, and N2O as well as the values for the polarizability anisotropies Delta alpha and the rotational constants B were taken from Ref\. \(27\)' = Wahlstrand, Cheng & Milchberg, Phys\. Rev\. A 85, 043820 \(2012\) \(record wahlstrand\_2012\); 'As in Ref\. \(30\), we found it necessary to increase the value of Delta alpha by a factor of 2 in order to obtain agreement with experimental results' \(table\: '2 x 9\.3', '2 x 27\.9'\)\. Checked against Wahlstrand's Table I \(image\)\: n2 = 9\.7, 7\.4, 17\.2 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W \(Ar, N2, N2O\) are Wahlstrand's own values; but Delta alpha = 9\.3 and 27\.9 x 10^\-25 cm^3 are the values Wahlstrand quote from Lin et al\. \[26\] \(Wahlstrand's own are 6\.7 \+\- 0\.3 and 28\.1 \+\- 1\.1\), so the anisotropies are reproduced from lin\_1976 through wahlstrand\_2012\. B = 2\.0 and 0\.41 cm^\-1 are Wahlstrand's\. The 'n2 for long pulse' \(N2 3\.2, N2O 43 x 10^\-19 cm^2/W; Ar 0\.97, the electronic value\) is footnoted 'Determined from fits to Delta n = Delta n\_i \+ Delta n\_d \.\.\. and gas parameters from the density matrix model simulations', but it equals Wahlstrand's n2 divided by Wahlstrand's n2/n2,long ratio \(7\.4/0\.23 = 32\.2 and 17\.2/0\.04 = 430 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W\)\: reproduced from wahlstrand\_2012 as well\. Every n2 is printed 'x Pressure' with the pressure in bar \(Table S1 rows 'Pressure \(bar\)'\)\: the values are per bar; Wahlstrand's are at 1 atm \(a 1\.3 % mislabelling\)\. Temperature not stated \('room temperature', supplement p\. 2\)\: 293\.15 K assumed\. The wavelength is that of the simulations, 1\.03 um \(Wahlstrand measured at 800 nm\)\. Other Table S1 entries \(not third\-order quantities\)\: gamma^\-1 = 20 ps \(N2\), 23\.8 ps \(N2O\); D\_even/D\_odd = 6/3 \(N2\), 1/1 \(N2O\); Raman frequency 14\.5 and 8 THz and relaxation 170 and 220 fs \(N2, N2O\) of the fitted response R\(t\); K = 14, 13, 11 \(21 at 1\.95 um\) photons and the MPI cross sections sigma\_K; band gaps 15\.76, 15\.58, 12\.89 eV\. **Recorded bibliographic identity status:** VALIDATED\_WITH\_WARNINGS. This concerns identification of the source; it does not establish the scientific correctness of its contents. Datasets -------- beetar\_2020/n2\_Ar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "n2_Ar", "material": "Ar", "file": "Ar/beetar_2020__n2_Ar.csv", "table": "tbl_d1e82e48818a", "quantity": "nonlinear_index", "unit": "cm2/W", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "um", "state": { "pressure_pa": 100000.0, "temperature_k": 293.15 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "wahlstrand_2012" ], "parameters": { "part": "electronic", "coefficient": "self" } } Table S1\(1\)\: '0\.97 x Pressure' \(10^\-19 cm^2/W, pressure in bar\)\: Wahlstrand et al\. 2012's 9\.7 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W at 1 atm, used per bar at 1\.03 um\. beetar\_2020/n2\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "n2_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/beetar_2020__n2_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_d1e82e48818a", "quantity": "nonlinear_index", "unit": "cm2/W", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "um", "state": { "pressure_pa": 100000.0, "temperature_k": 293.15 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "wahlstrand_2012" ], "parameters": { "part": "electronic", "coefficient": "self" } } Table S1\(1\)\: '0\.74 x Pressure'\: Wahlstrand et al\. 2012's electronic n2 7\.4 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W, used per bar at 1\.03 um\. beetar\_2020/n2\_N2O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "n2_N2O", "material": "N2O", "file": "N2O/beetar_2020__n2_N2O.csv", "table": "tbl_d1e82e48818a", "quantity": "nonlinear_index", "unit": "cm2/W", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "um", "state": { "pressure_pa": 100000.0, "temperature_k": 293.15 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "wahlstrand_2012" ], "parameters": { "part": "electronic", "coefficient": "self" } } Table S1\(1\)\: '1\.72 x Pressure'\: Wahlstrand et al\. 2012's electronic n2 17\.2 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W, used per bar at 1\.03 um\. beetar\_2020/delta\_alpha\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "delta_alpha_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/beetar_2020__delta_alpha_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_d1e82e48818a", "quantity": "polarizability_anisotropy", "unit": "cm3", "scale": 1e-25, "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "lin_1976", "wahlstrand_2012" ] } Table S1\(1\)\: printed '2 x 9\.3' \(10^\-25 cm^3\); the value is 9\.3, doubled in the simulations 'to obtain agreement with experimental results'\. 9\.3 is Lin et al\.'s value as quoted in Wahlstrand et al\. 2012 Table I \(not Wahlstrand's own 6\.7\), although Beetar cite Wahlstrand\. Wavelength of the simulations \(1\.03 um\); the original's is Lin et al\.'s\. beetar\_2020/delta\_alpha\_N2O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "delta_alpha_N2O", "material": "N2O", "file": "N2O/beetar_2020__delta_alpha_N2O.csv", "table": "tbl_d1e82e48818a", "quantity": "polarizability_anisotropy", "unit": "cm3", "scale": 1e-25, "abscissa_unit": "um", "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "lin_1976", "wahlstrand_2012" ] } Table S1\(1\)\: printed '2 x 27\.9' \(10^\-25 cm^3\); the value is 27\.9 \(doubled in the simulations\)\. Lin et al\.'s value as quoted in Wahlstrand et al\. 2012 Table I \(Wahlstrand's own\: 28\.1 \+\- 1\.1\)\. beetar\_2020/n2\_long\_N2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "n2_long_N2", "material": "N2", "file": "N2/beetar_2020__n2_long_N2.csv", "table": "tbl_696db144fb76", "quantity": "nonlinear_index", "unit": "cm2/W", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "um", "state": { "pressure_pa": 100000.0, "temperature_k": 293.15 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "wahlstrand_2012" ], "parameters": { "part": "total", "coefficient": "self" } } Table S1\(2\)\: 'n2 \.\.\. for long pulse' '3\.2 x Pressure'\: the long\-pulse \(adiabatic\) total index of Eq\. \(S6\), equal to Wahlstrand's 7\.4 / 0\.23 \(their n2/n2,long\) = 32 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W\. beetar\_2020/n2\_long\_N2O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: text { "id": "n2_long_N2O", "material": "N2O", "file": "N2O/beetar_2020__n2_long_N2O.csv", "table": "tbl_696db144fb76", "quantity": "nonlinear_index", "unit": "cm2/W", "scale": 1e-19, "abscissa_unit": "um", "state": { "pressure_pa": 100000.0, "temperature_k": 293.15 }, "use": "reproduced", "reproduced_from": [ "wahlstrand_2012" ], "parameters": { "part": "total", "coefficient": "self" } } Table S1\(2\)\: '43 x Pressure'\: the long\-pulse total index, equal to Wahlstrand's 17\.2 / 0\.04 = 430 x 10^\-20 cm^2/W\. Formulas -------- No formulas are recorded. Corrections ----------- No dataset errata are recorded in this source record. Formula corrections, where recorded, appear with their formulas above. Curation notes may also discuss corrections or unresolved interpretation. Consult the :doc:`review register ` for the checks and decisions.